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. 2025 Aug 25;26:818. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-09032-w

Table 1.

Characteristics of 54 studies included in the network meta-analysis

Year Country Follow-up period Journal Funding Randomised treatments Number of dropouts Age (mean ± SD), years Male % Outcomes Surgical time (mean ± SD), min

Schemitsch

20231

 Canada 1 year JAMA Netw Open Stryker GN:423 56 78.2 36.6 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 59 ± 27
SHS:427 49 78.8 33.3 64 ± 23
Parker20122 UK 1 year J Bone Joint Surg Br No SHS:300 4 81.4 23 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 46 ± 12.3
TPFT:300 2 82.4 17 49 ± 12.7

Schipper

20043

 Netherlands 1 year J Bone Joint Surg

Stryker Howmedica

Mathys Medical Nederland

 PFN:211 7 82.2 16 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); 60 ± 2
GN:213 1 82.6 15.4 60 ± 2

Papasimos

20054

 Greece 1 year Arch Orthop Trauma Surg NA SHS:40 81.4 35 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 59.2
GN:40 82.8 40 51.3
PFN:40 79.4 42.5 71.2
Adams20015 Scotland 1 year J Orthop Trauma the Scottish Orthopaedic Research Trust - into Trauma GN:203 18 81.2 19.2 (1); (2); (4); (5); 55.4
SHS:197 15 80.7 24.9 61.3

Chenchik

20146

 Israe 1 year J Orthop NA DHS:31 0 83.1 ± 6.7 26 (2); (3); (4); (5); 64 ± 26
PFN:29 83.1 ± 5.7 21 54.5 ± 22.5

Verettas

20107

 Greece 10d Injure NA GN:59 0 79.22 ± 7.99 33.9 (4); (6) 42
DHS:59 0 81.03 ± 6.38 25.4 45
Utrilla20058 Spain 12–30 months J Orthop Trauma None GN:104 3 80.6 ± 7.5 36.5 (1); (2); (4); (5); 46 ± 11
SHS:106 4 79.8 ± 7.3 26.4 44 ± 15
ZOU20099 China 1 year J Int Med Res NA PFNA:58 65 21

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 52 ± 10
SHS:63 65 24 93 ± 13
Efstathopoulos200710 Greece 6 − 12 months Int Orthop NA GN:56 5 79.5 33.9 (4); 51 ± 11
ACE 56 78.1 23.2 54 ± 15
Zehir201411 Turkey 6 months Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg NA SHS:102 0 76.86 ± 6.74 0.382

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 56.95 ± 5.20
PFNA:96 0 77.22 ± 6.82 0.385 44.41 ± 5.17

Pajarinen

200412

 Finland 4 months J Bone Joint Surg None SHS:41 79.0 ± 11.5 26.8 (4); 45
PFN:42 80.2 ± 9.4 19 55

Miedel

200413

 Sweden 12 months J Bone Joint Surg Stryker Howmedica, Sweden (SGN), and Swemac, Sweden (MSP), the Trygg-Hansa Insurance Company, the Swedish Orthopaedic Association GN:109 3 84.6 16 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 61
MSP:108 3 82.7 22 65

Ahrengart

200214

 Sweden 6 months Clin Orthop Relat Res the The Karolinska Institute Foundation, Lund University, Skane County Council and Stryker-Howmedica GN:210 0 29 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 60
SHS:216 0 28 45
Xu201015 China 1 year J Int Med Res NA PFNA:51 0 78.5 ± 7.97 29 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 68.5 ± 9.9
DHS:55 0 77.9 ± 7.82 29 56.5 ± 11.8

Sharma

201816

 India 1 year Rev Bras Ortop NA SHS:29 0 62.27 39.4 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); 69.7
PFN:31 0 60.67 37.9 56.9
Parker201717 UK 1 year Injury Peterborough Hospitals Hip Fracture Research Fund SHS:500 6 82.1 23.2 (2); (4); (5); 44 ± 11.9
Targon PF intramedullary nail:500 82.2 22.4 45 ± 12.8
SADOWSKI200218 Switzerland 1 year J Bone Joint Surg None 95° fixed-angle screw-plate (Dynamic Condylar Screw):19 1 77 ± 14 26.3

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 166 ± 48
PFN:20 0 80 ± 13 35 82 ± 53

Barton

201019

 UK 1 year J Bone Joint Surg None GN:100 3 83.3 22.7 (1); (2); (4);
SHS:110 0 83.1 19

Kumar

201220

 India at least 1 year J Clin Orthop Trauma None PFN:25 0 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); 55 ± 18
SHS:25 0 87 ± 3.2
Xu201021 China

17.5

months

 Injury NA PFNA:55 5 76.8 ± 9.6 41.8 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 66.6 ± 15.4
GN:52 6 76.6 ± 8.2 28.8 73.1 ± 20.8

Guerra

201422

 Brazil 1 year Injury Nonene SHS:19 0 26.3 (1); (4);
PFN:12 0 8.3
Cheng201423 China 6–26 months Chin J Traumatol NA PCCP:65 0 72.4 ± 4.18 43.1

(1); (2); (4);

(5); (6)

 55.2 ± 8.4
SHS:56 0 78.6 ± 3.92 39.3 88.5 ± 14.7
Jose´200924 Spain 1 year Arch Orthop Trauma Surg NA GN:40 0 15 (1); (4); (5); 85.82
PCCP:40 0 27.5 86.51
Philip201225 Belgium 1 year Acta Orthop. Belg NA GN:61 6 73 ± 12.5 57.4 (1); (4); (5); 41
ACE:51 77 ± 14 62.7 51
Parker201726 UK 1 year Bone Joint J Peterborough Hospital Hip Fracture Fund SHS:200 1 83.2 23.5 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 42.1 ± 11.1
Targon PFT cephalomedullary nail:200 1 82 30 38.3 ± 10.2
Hopp201627 Germany 6 months Acta Orthop. Belg None GN:39 1 80.73 ± 8.44 33.3 (1); (2); (4); (5); (6) 64.6 ± 29.22

the InterTAN nail

(ITN):39

 1 82.70 ± 7.06 17.9 78.03 ± 34.07

Janzing

200128

 Belgium 1 year J Trauma NA SHS:44 83 23 (2); (3); (4); 65 ± 30
PCCP:39 82 10 49 ± 18

Carulli

201729

 Italy 1 year Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab NA PFNA: 71 3 81.62 ± 7.82 40.9 (1); (2); (4); (5); 46.06 ± 10.10
SHS:69 3 83.41 ± 7.90 36.2 61.21 ± 15.01
Guo201330 China 12–24 months J Orthop NA PCCP:45 0 71.6 ± 7.5 35.6 (1); (4); (6); 53.0 ± 9.4
PFNA:45 0 74.2 ± 8.8 42.2 66.5 ± 18.1

Ioannis

201431

 Greece 12 months Int Orthop NA SHS:35 0 83.1 ± 6.5 20 (4); (5); 75.5 ± 21.9
GN:36 0 82.9 ± 5.8 22.2 45.7 ± 22.7

Makridis

201032

 Greece 12 months J Orthop Surg Res NA intramedullary hip screw (IMHS):110 0 83.5 30.9

(1); (3); (4);

(5);

 25.4
ENDOVIS nail:105 0 83.9 31.4 24.8

Kouvidis

201233

 Greece 24–56 months Strat Traum Limb Recon NA SHS:79 3 82.53 ± 6.79 34.6 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 55.18 ± 11.50
Endovis:86 5 81.95 ± 7.21 20 51.22 ± 12.94

Peyser

200734

 Israel 1 year J Bone Joint Surg None PCCP:50 0 78.9 32

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 53.2
SHS:53 0 82.5 34 51.1
McCormack201335 Canada 6 months Injury NA SHS:86 5 83 24.4 (1); (2); (4); 51
MSP:77 4 83.6 23.3 50

Vaquero

201236

 Spain 12 months Injury aofoundation和Synthes, GmbH, Switzerland GN:30 15 83.5 ± 7.4 17 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); 37 ± 10
PFNA:31 18 83.6 ± 7.5 10 35 ± 10
Matre201337 Norway 12 months J Bone Joint Surg Smith & Nephew the InterTAN nail (ITN):341 53 84.1 24.3 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5);
SHS:343 54 84.1 25.7
Zhang201338 China 12–30 months Orthopedics NA PFNA:56 3 72.4 ± 8.7 33.9 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); 53.7 ± 11.3
the InterTAN nail (ITN):57 2 72.9 ± 7.6 40.4 66.5 ± 15.2

Seyhan

201539

 Turkey 1 year J Orthop NA PFNA:43 75.91 ± 13.77 25.6 (2); (4); (6) 72.98 ± 12.48
the InterTAN nail (ITN):32 75.34 ± 13.52 25.9 73.91 ± 8.87

Brandt

200240

 Netherlands 1–8 months Injury NA PCCP:33 0 80.1 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 46.6
SHS:38 0 81.6 69.2

Sanders

201541

 Canada 12 months J Orthop Trauma NA SHS:126 13 81.0 ± 0.8 26

(1); (2); (4);

(5);
the InterTAN nail (ITN):123 3 80.6 ± 0.8 29

Kosygan

200242

 England 6 months J Bone Joint Surg NA PCCP:52 0 82.7 ± 8.5 15.4 (1); (4); (5); 82.7 ± 8.5
SHS:56 0 82.8 ± 9 21.4 82.8 ± 9
LI201843 China 18 months Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci NA PFNA:40 0 75.6 ± 2.5 50 (4); (5); (6); 38.5 ± 5.7
SHS:40 0 75.5 ± 2.6 52.5 43.6 ± 9.0
Adeel202044 Pakistan 12 months J Pak Med Assoc None SHS:34 0 60.88 ± 12.49 64.71 (1); (4); (5); 58.71 ± 7.84
PFN:34 0 59.32 ± 2.39 73.53 35.35 ± 5.48

OVESEN

200645

 Denmark 12 months Hip Int NA SHS:73 11 78.5 ± 11.7 28.8

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 51 ± 22
GN:73 8 79.9 ± 10 27.4 65 ± 29

Prakash

202246

 India 24 weeks Cureus None SHS:23 0 61.09 ± 11.69 39.13 (1); (4); (6);
PFN:23 0 65 ± 14.98 47.83

Olsson

200147

 Sweden 4 months J Bone Joint Surg None MSP:54 8 84 ± 7.5 25.9

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 58
SHS:60 84 ± 7.3 33.3 55

Sameer

201748

 India 12–30 months J Clin Diagn Res None SHS:19 0 71.74 63.1 (1); (2); (4); 104.2 ± 33.72
PFN:18 0 74 66.7 106.2 ± 26.31

Harrington

201949

 USA 1 year Injure NA SHS:52 0 82.1 ± 8.6 21.2

(1); (3); (4);

(5);

 88 ± 27.5
IMHS:50 0 83.8 ± 8.5 20 108 ± 26.8
Singh201950 India 1 year J Clin Orthop Trauma NA PFNA:30 3 72.76 ± 9.5 30 (1); (2); (4); (5); (6); 54.66 ± 19.20
SHS:30 1 69.33 ± 5.7 53.3 71.1 ± 24.81
XU202051 China 12 months Orthopedics NA PFN:66 28 76.0 ± 1.2 37.9

(2); (3); (4);

(5);

 64.1 ± 1.9
GN:70 75.4 ± 1.0 38.6 68.6 ± 2.4

Saudan

200252

 Switzerland 1 year J Orthop Trauma None SHS:106 4 83.7 ± 10.1 20.8

(1); (2); (4);

(5);

 65 ± 26
PFN:100 5 83.7 ± 9.7 24 64 ± 33
Shin201753 South Korea 12.3 months Injure None Zimmer natural nail (ZNN):172 76.22 ± 16.40 63

(2); (6); (4);

(5);

 70.40 ± 20.10
PFNA:181 77.71 ± 16.44 70 57.25 ± 12.15
Ekstro¨m200754 Sweden 12 months J Orthop Trauma NA PFN:105 26 82 24 (1); (2); (3); (4); (5); 56 ± 21
MSP:98 24 82 25 62 ± 29

NA: not available

(1) mortality; (2) reoperation rate; (3) intraoperative complications;(4) postoperative complications; (5) mechanical complications; (6) Harris hip score (HHS)