Table 1.

Surveyed articles that ignored exposure measurement error and some reasons for why this may not have been the best practice

Author	Estimated Exposure	True exposure	Reasoning for presence of exposure measurement error	Examples of unused source of information on validation or reliability of exposure
De La Paz et al. [68]	Diagnosis of toxic oil syndrome and inclusion into patient registry	Ingestion of denatured rapeseed oil with 2% aniline	Investigators assumed the same level of consumption of the oil and uniform levels of contamination with aniline.	Peterson PJ. Assessment of exposure to chemical contaminants in water and food. Sci Total Environ. 1995 Jun 16;168(2):123-9. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)00461-h. PMID: 7481730. Note: Articles on accuracy of exposure assessment in the investigation that assembled the cohort based on high exposure to the contaminated oil in Spain were not identified.
Batty et al. [8]	Ethnic identity	Ethnic origin	Ethnicity was self-classified based on UK census questionnaires. Self-reported measurements of exposure are at higher risk for misclassification.	Ponterotto, J. G. (2001). Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. Hungary: SAGE Publications. Ludi Simpson, Stephen Jivraj, James Warren, The Stability of Ethnic Identity in England and Wales 2001–2011, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Volume 179, Issue 4, October 2016, Pages 1025–1049
He et al. [38]	Self-reported maternal infections during pregnancy	Maternal infections during pregnancy	Maternal infections during pregnancy were self-reported based on questionaries (ALSPAC, JPS, MoBa, TIHS), telephone interviews (DNBC) or medical records and self-reported interviews (CPP). Self-reported measurements of exposure are at higher risk for misclassification.	Dietz P, Bombard J, Mulready-Ward C, Gauthier J, Sackoff J, Brozicevic P, Gambatese M, Nyland-Funke M, England L, Harrison L, Taylor A. Validation of self-reported maternal and infant health indicators in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J. 2014 Dec;18(10):2489-98. doi: 10.1007/s10995-014-1487-y. PMID: 24770954; PMCID: PMC4560102.
Von Holle et al. [85]	Infant growth characteristics (weight, length, weight-to-length)	Infants’ growth trajectory	Classification of infants into grown trajectories was done using statistical models but errors associated with these models were not considered as a source of exposure measurement error.	None identified that are specific to errors in models developed by the authors.
Duffy et al. [25]	Report of providing care to an Ebola case	Duration of contact with person capable of transmitting Ebola virus	Authors reported that, “[p]rovision of care was self-reported by study participants, and a comprehensive set of activities which constituted provision of care was not delineated when household members were asked if they provided care. Thus, there may have been some misclassification bias, and the possibility that persons not residing in the household provided some care also cannot be excluded (p. 8).”	None identified
Alegre et al. [4]	BMI	Overweight and Obesity	Baseline BMI with cox regression were used to investigate associations with COVID-19 mortality, with some measurements predating COVID-19 by years. Variations in BMI year to year were not investigated as potential exposure misclassification.	Adab P, Pallan M, Whincup PH. Is BMI the best measure of obesity? BMJ. 2018 Mar 29;360:k1274. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k1274. Erratum in: BMJ. 2018 May 23;361:k2293. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2293. PMID: 29599212
Antonio-Villa et al. [5]	Multiple social inequalities	Impact of social inequalities on individual health	Authors used ecological indices of social inequalities and did not mention EME, it is reasonable to believe EME exists in ecological studies	Summers K, Accominotti F, Burchardt T, Hecht K, Mann E, Mijs J. Deliberating Inequality: A Blueprint for Studying the Social Formation of Beliefs about Economic Inequality. Soc Justice Res. 2022;35(4):379-400. doi: 10.1007/s11211-022-00389-0. Epub 2022 Apr 1. PMID: 35382060; PMCID: PMC8972749.
Mutevedzi et al. [63]	No defined exposure of interest	N/A	Authors conducted a purely descriptive study with no causal hypothesis question; however, it is reasonable for EME to be present when attributing a case to a geographic area (such as if migration between areas occurs). Further it’s possible for various variables to be misclassified such as smoking, drinking, self-reported obesity, etc.	None identified– Authors did not pose a causal question