Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variables | Non-SLD(n=4,603,095) | SLD (n=1,783,384) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MASLD (n=1,448,817) | MetALD (n=239,830) | ALD (n=83,968) | |||
| Age, years | 30.2 ± 5.0 | 32.7 ± 4.4 | 32.5 ± 4.4 | 32.5 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 2,166,517 (47.1%) | 1,310,519 (90.5%) | 228,738 (95.4%) | 80,590 (96.0%) | |
| Female | 2,436,578 (52.9%) | 138,298 (9.6%) | 11,092 (4.6%) | 3,378 (4.0%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), N (%) | 21.5 ± 2.5 | 27.0 ± 3.1 | 26.6 ± 3.1 | 26.8 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm), N (%) | 73.3 ± 7.3 | 88.5 ± 7.3 | 88.1 ± 7.3 | 88.6 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never-smoker | 2,970,687 (64.5%) | 482,182 (33.3%) | 31,753 (13.2%) | 11,698 (13.9%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 393,360 (8.6%) | 210,183 (14.5%) | 38,782 (16.2%) | 13,259 (15.8%) | |
| Current smoker | 1,239,048 (26.9%) | 756,452 (52.2%) | 169,315 (70.6%) | 59,011 (70.3%) | |
| Drinking, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 1,964,032 (42.7%) | 429,682 (29.7%) | - | 4,221 (5.0%) | |
| Mild | 2,314,983 (50.3%) | 1,019,135 (70.3%) | - | 13,457 (16.0%) | |
| Moderate | 275,912 (6.0%) | - | 239,850 (100.0%) | 4,819 (5.7%) | |
| Excessive | 48,168 (1.0%) | - | - | 61,471 (73.2%) | |
| Regular exercise, N (%) | 573,124 (12.5%) | 196,179 (13.5%) | 35,123 (14.6%) | 13,606 (16.2%) | <0.001 |
| Low income, N (%) | 1,078,212 (23.42) | 233,196 (16.1) | 34,939 (14.57) | 13,691 (16.31) | <0.001 |
| T2DM, N (%) | 40,926 (0.9%) | 64,473 (4.5%) | 11,054 (4.6%) | 5,275 (6.3%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 162,716 (3.5%) | 242,434 (16.7%) | 50,523 (21.1%) | 20,189 (24.0%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 145,533 (3.2%) | 232,585 (16.1%) | 37,227 (15.5%) | 16,092 (19.2%) | <0.001 |
| CKD, N (%) | 105,734 (2.3%) | 33,189 (2.3%) | 5,141 (2.1%) | 1,735 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis, N (%) | 416 (0.01) | 224 (0.02) | 17 (0.01) | 138 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | |||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 17,206 (0.37) | 9,787 (0.68) | 1,574 (0.66) | 1,134 (1.35) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 2,064 (0.04) | 1,271 (0.09) | 122 (0.05) | 100 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,915 (0.04) | 1,007 (0.07) | 117 (0.05) | 105 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Medication, N (%) | |||||
| Beta-blockers | 11057 (0.24) | 13176 (0.91) | 2053 (0.86) | 1367 (1.63) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 11324 (0.25) | 21975 (1.52) | 3778 (1.58) | 2679 (3.19) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.7 ± 12.0 | 125.2 ± 12.8 | 127.3 ± 13.1 | 127.7 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.8 ± 8.6 | 78.7 ± 9.4 | 80.4 ± 9.7 | 80.6 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 88.8 ± 12.8 | 96.0 ± 22.7 | 97.2 ± 22.8 | 98.5 ± 25.8 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177.3 ± 30.1 | 203.5 ± 35.6 | 202.9 ± 35.7 | 202.9 ± 36.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 76.7 (76.6–76.7) | 175.0 (174.8–175.1) | 185.5 (185.1–185.9) | 190.1 (189.4–190.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60.0 ± 21.9 | 49.8 ± 24.1 | 53.1 ± 20.4 | 53.3 ± 21.4 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 100.8 ± 31.2 | 116.0 ± 39.9 | 108.7 ± 39.4 | 107.2 ± 41.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 102.7 ± 21.7 | 99.1 ± 21.1 | 100.0 ± 20.8 | 100.4 ± 20.5 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 19.59 (19.59–19.60) | 26.71 (26.70–26.73) | 28.60 (28.56–28.65) | 30.31 (30.22–30.39) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 15.62 (15.62–15.63) | 34.16 (34.13–34.20) | 34.20 (34.13–34.28) | 36.64 (36.50–36.79) | <0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 17.60 (17.59–17.60) | 44.82 (44.78–44.87) | 64.54 (64.38–64.71) | 70.95 (70.62–71.28) | <0.001 |
ALD, alcohol-associated liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MetALD, metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease; SLD, steatotic liver disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus