Table 1.
Performance characteristics of tumor models: a comparative analysis
| Module | 2D Cell Lines | GEMM | PDX | PDCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Ex Vivo | In Vivo | In Vivo | Ex Vivo or In Vitro |
| Cell Structure | 2D | 3D | 3D | 3D |
| Cost | Low | Very high | High | Moderate |
| Culture Conditions | Simple | Complex | Complex | Standard |
| Modeling cycle | 1–3 Days | 6–24 months | 3–6 months | 4–6 weeks |
| Genetic Stability of Original Tissue or Disease | May undergo passage-related variation | Stable | Stable | Stable |
| Tumor Heterogeneity | May lose some tumor features | Engineered | Preserved | Preserved |
| Disease Diversity Simulation | NA | YES | YES | YES |
| Variability in Implantation Rates | NA | NA | YES | NA |
| Species differences | NA | YES | YES | NA |
| TME Simulation | NA | YES | YES | YES |
| Scalability | High | NA | Low | Moderate |
| Standardization | High | Low | Low | Moderate |
Note: GEMM: Genetically engineered mouse model. PDX: Patient-derived xenograft model. PDCO: Patient-derived cancer organoid. TME: Tumor microenvironment. 2D: Two-dimensional. 3D: Three-dimensional. NA: Not Applicable