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. 2025 Aug 25;26:820. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-09110-z

Table 1.

Material properties in the present FE models

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FE: finite element; ALL: anterior longitudinal ligament; PLL: posterior longitudinal ligament; SSL: supraspinal ligament; ISL: interspinous ligament; LF: ligamentum flavum; TL: transverse ligaments; CL: capsular ligament; FJC: facet joint capsule