. 2025 Aug 25;19:97. doi: 10.1186/s13034-025-00952-y

Table 1.

The means, standard deviations, correlations among the variables

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Covariates
1. Adolescent age at T1	11.43	1.55
2. Adolescent gender	49.18^a	–	− 0.07
3. Father’s level of education	–	–	− 0.62^***	0.04
4. Mother’s level of education	–	–	− 0.61^***	0.04	0.99^***
Key variables
5. T1 Father-child relationship	3.55	0.84	− 0.23^***	0.04	0.09^*	0.08
6. T1 Mother–child relationship	3.86	0.75	− 0.26^***	0.08	0.13^**	0.14^**	0.59^***
7. T2 Psychological resilience	4.95	1.08	− 0.12^**	− 0.01	0.13^**	0.13^**	0.16^***	0.20^***
8. T3 School climate	3.12	0.36	− 0.25^***	0.04	0.22^***	0.21^***	0.30^***	0.31^***	0.32^***
9. T1 Depression	0.93	0.50	0.12^**	− 0.02	− 0.01	0.01	− 0.23^***	− 0.19^***	− 0.22^***	− 0.21^***
10. T3 Depression	0.85	0.48	0.28^***	0.06	− 0.22^***	− 0.21^***	− 0.30^***	− 0.30^***	− 0.33^***	− 0.40^***	0.35^***

Note Sample size ranged from 529 to 549 due to missing data. ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. Adolescent gender and parental education were included as dummy-coded covariates (see Method section). ^a The percentage of female adolescents; T1 = Time 1, T2 = Time 2, T3 = Time 3