Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included studies

First author and year	Country	Study design	Sample Size	Age(years)	Assessment of exposure	Outcome	Assessment of outcome
Toh 2009 [24]	USA and Canada	retrospective cohort study	5731	< 25(18.9%)	Telephone interview	GH/PE	Self-reported
Katon 2012 [13]	USA	prospective study	1656	≥15 years	Self-report	GH	ICD-9 diagnoses
Palmsten 2012 [33]	Canada	retrospective cohort study	69,448	Median age was 31	pharmacy dispensing record	PE	ICD-9
De Vera 2012 [17]	Canada	case–control study	13,376	Mean age was 27.3	Prescription Drug File	GH	ICD-9
Palmsten 2013 [39]	Canada	prospective cohort study	85,767	Median age was 23–27	medical records	PE	ICD-9CM diagnosis code
Avalos 2015 [23]	USA	retrospective cohort study	18,134	18 years and older	electronic medical records	PE	ICD-9CM diagnosis code
Malm 2015 [18]	Finland	prospective study study	25,381	≤40 years	Drug Reimbursement Register	GH	Medical Birth Register
De Ocampo 2016 [62]	USA and Canada	retrospective cohort study	3471	Mean age was 32.0 for unexposed	interview	GH/PE	Self-reported
Lupattelli 2017 [26]	Norway	prospective cohort study	5745	Mean age was 30 for exposed	record	PE	ICD-9CM diagnosis code
Yonkers 2017 [22]	USA	retrospective cohort study	2654	≥35(26.6%)	Telephone interview	GH	Medial records
Zakiyah 2018 [11]	Netherlands	retrospective cohort study	28,020	Mean age was 31.1 for exposed	The prescription database IADB	GH	Dutch Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Bernard 2019 [27]	Canada	prospective cohort study	6761	18 years and older	record	PE	ICD-9CM diagnosis code
Huybrechts 2020 [14]	USA	cohort study	1.3 to 4.1 million	18–55	outpatient prescription	PE	ICD-9 diagnostic
Tran 2021 [6]	Netherlands	retrospective cohort study	94,788	≥35(11.61%)	Netherlands Perinatal Registry and the PHARMO Database	PE	medical records
Yang 2021 [61]	Taiwan, China	retrospective cohort study	5664	Mean age was 31.3	prescription drug utilization of Health and Welfare Database	GH/PE	ICD-9CM diagnosis code
Galbally 2023 [9]	Australia	retrospective cohort study	229	Mean age was 32	Mercy Pregnancy Emotional Wellbeing Study	GH	Australian Guidelines
Benevent 2023 [25]	France	retrospective cohort study	143,391	Mean age was 30.5 for unexposed	prescription drug utilization of EFEMERIS database	GH/PE	Medical records

SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, TCAs tricyclic antidepressants, GH/PE gestational hypertension or preeclampsia