Table 2.
Effect sizes of studies of antidepressants and associated gestational hypertension or preeclampsia outcomes
| Study | Antidepressants | Adjusted effect size (95%CI) | Covariates | Limitation | Exclusions | depressive disorder (exposed vs. control group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toh 2009 [24] | SSRIs | aRR 4.86 (2.70–8.76) | age, diabetes, smoking, BMI | Sev, Dose, med | chronic hypertension, abortion | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Katon 2012 [13] | SSRIs | aOR 1.06 (0.65–1.73) | age, education, chronic disease | n, med | chronic hypertension | depression vs. no depression |
| Palmsten 2012 [33] |
SSRIs SNRIs TCAs |
aRR 1.22 (0.97–1.54) aRR 1.95 (1.25–3.03) aRR 3.23 (1.87–5.59) |
age, diabetes, multiple pregnancy, BMI, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines | Dose | chronic hypertension | depression vs. depression |
| De Vera 2012 [17] |
SSRIs SNRIs |
aOR 1.60 (1.00-2.55) aOR 0.75 (0.17–3.25) |
age, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular diseases | Sev | chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Palmsten 2013 [39] |
SSRIs SNRIs TCAs |
aRR 1.00 (0.93–1.07) aRR 1.52 (1.26–1.83) aRR 1.62 (1.23–2.12) |
age, diabetes, multiple pregnancy, other antidepressants | Sev | preeclampsia before medication administration | depression vs. depression |
| Avalos 2015 [23] |
SSRIs SNRIs |
aRR 1.34 (1.00-1.81) aRR 1.49 (0.57–3.90) |
age, BMI, smoking, diabetes, parity | Dose, n, med | multiple pregnancy, chronic hypertension | depression vs. no depression |
| Malm 2015 [18] | SSRIs | aOR 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | smoking, parity, diabetes, tranquilliser | Dose, Sev | chronic hypertension | depression vs. depression |
| De Ocampo 2016 [62] |
SSRIs SNRIs |
aOR 1.27 (0.71–2.26) aOR 4.21 (1.44–12.31) |
age, BMI, smoking, diabetes, parity, asthma | n, Sev | chronic hypertension, abortion | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Lupattelli 2017 [26] | SSRIs | aRR 0.96 (0.64–1.45) | age, BMI, smoking, parity, education, analgesics | Dose | multiple pregnancy, abortion | depression vs. depression |
| Yonkers 2017 [22] | SSRIs | aOR 2.82 (1.58–5.04) | age, education, smoking | Dose | diabetes, chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Zakiyah 2018 [11] |
SSRIs TCAs |
aOR 2.07 (1.25–3.44) aOR 1.60 (0.50–5.09) |
age, antibiotic prescription | Sev | diabetes, chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Bernard 2019 [27] |
SSRIs SNRIs |
aOR 3.09 (1.22–7.85) aOR 6.46 (2.49–16.78) |
age, BMI, smoking, parity | Dose, Sev, med | multiple pregnancy | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Huybrechts 2020 [14] | SNRIs | aRR 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | diabetes, multiple pregnancy, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, opioid analgesics | Sev, Dose, med | chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Tran 2021 [6] |
SSRIs TCAs |
aRR 1.08 (0.81–1.44) aRR 2.46 (1.51–4.02) |
diabetes, smoking, multiple pregnancy, vasoconstrictors | Sev, Dose | chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
| Yang 2021 [61] |
SSRIs SNRIs TCAs |
aRR 0.94 (0.67–1.31) aRR 1.12 (0.64–1.97) aRR 0.31 (0.04–2.22) |
age, BMI, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, renal diseases, liver disease | Sev | chronic hypertension | depression vs. depression |
| Galbally 2023 [9] |
SSRIs SNRIs |
aRR 1.54 (0.53–4.41) aRR 9.10 (3.82–21.67) |
age, BMI, parity, smoking, education | n | chronic hypertension | depression vs. no depression |
| Benevent 2023 [25] | SNRIs | aOR 1.89 (1.13–3.18) | age, parity, diabetes, multiple pregnancy, medication used to treat neuropathic pain and anxiety | n, Sev, Dose | chronic hypertension | unidentified vs. unidentified |
Sev lack of data on the severity of depression, Dose lack of data on drug dosage, n small exposure group, med no control over concurrent medication use