. 2025 Aug 11;15(35):28338–28347. doi: 10.1039/d5ra03980k

Table 2. Comparative analysis of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of three Pulicaria species. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent replicates. Different superscript letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences between means (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test). GAE is gallic acid equivalents and QE is quercetin equivalents.

	Total phenolics (mg GAE per g extract)	Total flavonoids (mg QE per g extract)	ABTS (mg trolox per g extract)
P. undulata	64.6 ± 11.6^a	13.7 ± 0.4^a	35.9 ± 0.4^a
P. sicula	106.2 ± 8.2^b	18.9 ± 1.5^b	36.7 ± 0.2^a
P. gnaphalodes	51.9 ± 7.0^a	2.2 ± 1.0^c	21.2 ± 0.5^b