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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1639365. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1639365

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Copyright © 2025 Fang, Ma, Zhu, Peng, Tao, Zhao, Wang, Ye, Ma, Wu, Yuan, Liu, Chen and Cheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panels A, B, and C show visual comparisons between WT and spl39 plant leaves, with spl39 exhibiting dark spots and discoloration. Panels D to I present bar graphs comparing biochemical contents and enzyme activities between WT and spl39: increased H₂O₂ (D) and MDA (E) content in spl39, with decreased SOD (F), CAT (G), APX (H), and POD (I) activities. Double asterisks ** indicate significant differences. — Increased oxidative damage and altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the spl39 mutant. (A) DAB staining in leaves. (B) NBT staining in leaves. (C) Trypan blue staining in leaves. (D) Statistical analysis of H₂O₂ content. (E) Statistical analysis of MDA content. (F) Statistical analysis of SOD activity. (G) Statistical analysis of CAT activity. (H) Statistical analysis of APX activity. (I) Statistical analysis of POD activity. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test), error bars, ± SD (n=5).