TABLE 3.
Mean and standard deviation of echocardiographic cardiovascular measures at rest before HUT/LBNP pre- and post-HEAT acclimation (HEAT) or pretemperate and posttemperate exercise (CONTROL).
| CONTROL | HEAT | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
| Preintervention | Postintervention | Preintervention | Postintervention | |||
| LV volumes (indexed) | ||||||
| End diastolic volume | (mL·m2) | 82 ± 17 | 79 ± 15 | 86 ± 16 | 87 ± 13 | 0.11 |
| End systolic volume | (mL·m2) | 33 ± 7 | 32 ± 6 | 35 ± 8 | 33 ± 6 | 0.77 |
| SVI (LVEDV-LVESV) | (mL·m2) | 49 ± 11 | 47 ± 9 | 51 ± 9 | 54 ± 8 | 0.01 |
| SVI (LVOT area x LVOT VTI) | (mL·m2) | 49 ± 10 | 47 ± 8 | 49 ± 9 | 55 ± 9 | 0.03 |
| LV function | ||||||
| Ejection fraction | (%) | 60 ± 3 | 60 ± 2 | 60 ± 3 | 62 ± 3 | 0.11 |
| Vmax | cm·s−1 | 125 ± 28 | 115 ± 15 | 119 ± 17 | 127 ± 21 | 0.03 |
| Cardiac Index | (L·min−1·m2) | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.35 |
| LV longitudinal function | ||||||
| MAPSE | (cm) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.96 |
| LV S′ | (cm·s−1) | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 11.1 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 1.3 | 0.08 |
| RV longitudinal function | ||||||
| TAPSE | (cm) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 0.96 |
| RV S′ | (cm) | 13.3 ± 2.5 | 12.9 ± 2.9 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | 14.2 ± 1.9 | 0.18 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||
| E | (cm·s−1) | 77 ± 17 | 73 ± 17 | 78 ± 11 | 83 ± 12 | 0.02 |
| A | (cm·s−1) | 43 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 46 ± 8 | 43 ± 12 | 0.62 |
| E/A | 1.86 ± 0.4 | 2.09 ± 0.6 | 1.72 ± 0.3 | 2.09 ± 0.7 | 0.62 | |
| Deceleration time | (ms) | 220 ± 29 | 222 ± 47 | 240 ± 58 | 227 ± 44 | 0.50 |
| e’ | (cm·s−1) | 15.7 ± 2.4 | 14.5 ± 2.2 | 15.6 ± 2.7 | 16.1 ± 2.2 | 0.03 |
| a’ | (cm·s−1) | 10.2 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 0.11 |
| E/e’ | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 0.93 | |
| Atrial volumes, cm·s−1 | ||||||
| LA volume | (mL·m2) | 33 ± 7 | 30 ± 10 | 27 ± 7 | 32 ± 7 | 0.01 |
| RA Volume | (mL·m2) | 32 ± 15 | 28 ± 9 | 26 ± 9 | 33 ± 11 | 0.03 |
| Inferior vena cava | ||||||
| IVC diameter expiration | (cm) | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 0.33 |
| VC diameter inspiration | (cm) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.92 |
Bold denotes P value < 0.05.
P values relate to the main interaction, by two-way ANOVA, of HEAT and CONTROL groups, preintervention, and postintervention.
MAPSE, mitral annular plane systolic excursion; LV, left ventricle; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV, right ventricle; E, early mitral inflow velocity; A, late mitral inflow velocity; e', mitral annular early diastolic velocity; a', annular late diastolic velocity; LA, left atrium; RA, right atrium; IVC, inferior vena cava.