Table 4.
Behavioral therapy for dystonia.
| Behavioral therapy (n = 8) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Study design | Participant characteristics | Intervention | Assessment outcomes | Results | AAN class | ||||
| Active group | Control group | Active | Control | |||||||
| Focal limb dystonia | ||||||||||
| Tibben. et al., 2023108 Netherlands | Case series | Type | Sports-related task specific dystonia | Treatment | Behavioral Therapy | NA | Overall Symptoms (subjective) | All patients improved | IV | |
| N | 4 | Details | Standardized behavioral therapy & relaxation techniques | |||||||
| M/F | 3/1 | |||||||||
| Age (y) | 40, 53, 49, 19 | Frequency/Duration | 8 sessions, 16 w | |||||||
| Kobori. et al., 2007109 Japan | Case report | Type | Sports-related task specific dystonia | Treatment | Behavioral therapy | NA | Numerical rating scale (pain) | Improvement in pain | IV | |
| N | 1 | Details | Psychoeducation, behavioral therapy, cognitive restructuring | |||||||
| M/F | M | |||||||||
| Age (y) | 21 | Frequency/Duration | 7 sessions, 8 m | |||||||
| Wieck. et al., 1988107 UK | RCT | Type | Writer’s cramp | Treatment | Habit reversal treatment | Relaxation training | Writing tasks (performance) | Both groups significantly improved writing performance No significant difference between groups | II | |
| N | 9 | 11 | Details | Putting pen down & contract opposing muscle when cramp | ||||||
| M/F | 8/1 | 8/3 | ||||||||
| Age (y) | 52 ± 10 | 49 ± 16 | Frequency/Duration | 5 sessions, 4 w | ||||||
| Functional dystonia | ||||||||||
| Hsieh. et al., 2020112 UK | Case report | N | 1 | Treatment | Multidisciplinary program | NA | Walking test, BDI, Work and Social Adjustment Scale (performance, depression, ADL) | Significant improvement in all outcomes | IV | |
| M/F | F | Details | Cognitive, behavioral therapy, PT, physical activities, psychoeducation | |||||||
| Age (y) | Early 40s | Frequency/Duration | 3 d/w, 8w | |||||||
| Khachane. et al., 2019110 Australia | Case report | N | 1 | Treatment | Mind-Body program | NA | Overall Symptoms (subjective) | Full recovery | IV | |
| M/F | M | Details | Sleep hygiene, hypnosis, psychotherapy, PT, OT | |||||||
| Age (y) | 14 | Frequency/Duration | 3 w admission | |||||||
| Chudleigh. et al., 2013111 Australia | Case report | N | 1 | Treatment | Multidisciplinary care | NA | Overall Symptoms (subjective) | Full recovery | IV | |
| M/F | F | Details | Child psychiatrist, psychologist, nurse consultant & pediatric resident | |||||||
| Age (y) | 17 | Frequency/Duration | 2 session/w, 3 w | |||||||
| Chatterjee. et al., 2018113 India | Case report | N | 1 | Treatment | Structured psychotherapy and family intervention | NA | Overall Symptoms (subjective) | Full recovery | IV | |
| M/F | M | Details | NA | |||||||
| Age (y) | 13 | Frequency/Duration | NA | |||||||
| Puccioni-Sohler. et al., 2016114 Brazil | Case report | N | 1 | Treatment | Psychotherapy | NA | Overall Symptoms (subjective) | Improvement of the involuntary movement | IV | |
| M/F | M | Details | NA | |||||||
| Age (y) | 46 | Frequency/Duration | NA | |||||||
Values are shown as mean (standard deviation or SD), if SD was not available in the article min - max were shown if possible. AAN class, American Academy of Neurology classification framework; number of patients, n; male, M; female, F; year, y; month, week, w; hour, h; minute, min; second, s; not applicable, NA; Randomized controlled trial, RCT; electromyography, EMG; Range of Motion, ROM; cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT; Physical Therapy, PT; Occupational therapy, OT; Beck’s Depression Inventory, BDI; Activities of Daily Living, ADL