Table 1:

Main Findings

Approach	N (Studies)	N (Estimates)	SMD	τ	95% CIs	p val
Overall	41	112	0.07	0.08	[0.02, 0.12]	.007
Theory
Choice Architecture	2	3	0.21	0	[−0.99, 1.42]	.267
Psychology	9	12	0.11	0.03	[−0.03, 0.24]	.092
Persuasion	25	77	0.07	0.09	[0.01, 0.13]	.023
Persuasion & Psychology	11	20	0.11	0.19	[−0.06, 0.28]	.189
Types of Persuasion
Animal Welfare	16	65	0.03	0.04	[−0.02, 0.07]	.189
Environment	16	29	0.09	0.12	[−0.02, 0.19]	.095
Health	18	29	0.08	0.09	[−0.01, 0.17]	.064

τ denotes standard deviation of population effects. Note that studies could occupy multiple categories for both theory and type of persuasion, that Ns for Types of Persuasion draw from both Persuasion and Persuasion and Psychology studies, and that some studies with multiple interventions are represented in multiple theoretical categories.