Table 2:

Moderator Analysis Results

Study Characteristic	N (Studies)	N (Estimates)	SMD	95% CIs	Subset p value	Moderator p value
Outcome
Meat and animal products	41	112	0.07	[0.02, 0.12]	.007	ref
Red and processed meat	17	25	0.25	[0.11, 0.38]	.002	.046
Population
University students/staff	18	38	0.07	[−0.03, 0.16]	.139	ref
All ages	3	6	0.04	[−0.16, 0.25]	.361	.733
Adults	17	61	0.09	[0.01, 0.18]	.034	.714
Adolescents	3	6	0.02	[−0.4, 0.44]	.806	.686
Region
North America	23	74	0.04	[−0.01, 0.08]	.142	ref
Europe	14	28	0.14	[0.02, 0.27]	.029	.156
Multi-region	1	4	0.21	[0.21, 0.21]	N/A	N/A
Asia + Australia	2	5	0.13	[−0.17, 0.43]	.116	.220
Publication Decade
2000s	6	8	0.16	[−0.12, 0.43]	.199	ref
2010s	12	31	0.07	[−0.03, 0.17]	.13	.464
2020s	23	73	0.05	[−0.01, 0.11]	.074	.369
Method of Delivery
Educational materials	15	48	0.01	[−0.04, 0.07]	.591	ref
Online	8	22	0.16	[−0.02, 0.34]	.067	.173
Dietary consultation	2	2	0.4	[−3.36, 4.15]	.409	.441
In-cafeteria	8	13	0.1	[−0.04, 0.25]	.101	.126
Video	11	27	0.01	[−0.04, 0.07]	.487	.553

Moderation analyses. The first p value column tests the hypothesis that the subset of studies with a given characteristic is significantly different from an SMD of zero. The second compares effects within a category to the reference for that moderator. N/A p values were not calculated due to an insufficient number of qualifying studies.