| Amperometric |
Detects current generated from redox reactions; the current is directly proportional to analyte concentration |
High sensitivity with broad detection range; rapid response enabling real-time monitoring; simple design and easily miniaturized |
Susceptible to interference from other redox-active species; requires redox mediators or enzymatic labels |
Quantification of viral RNA or antigens using enzymatic or redox-based labeling strategies |
| Potentiometric |
Monitors changes in electrochemical potential (under near-zero current) using ion-selective electrodes, based on the Nernst equation |
Minimal power and sample consumption; non-destructive measurement; simple device |
Limited sensitivity for non-ionic analytes; prone to ion interference; slow equilibrium response |
pH measurement, ion concentration analysis (Na+, K+, Ca2+), and gas sensing (NH3, CO2) |
| Impedimetric |
Evaluates changes in impedance at the electrode surface following analyte bindin |
Label-free detection; highly sensitive to interfacial changes; supports real-time analysis |
Complex instrumentation and data interpretation; strongly influenced by electrode surface quality |
Detection of DNA/RNA, protein–protein interactions, and cell adhesion monitoring |
| Conductometric |
Measures variations in conductivity caused by changes in ion concentration |
Simple and low-cost; no counter electrode required; easily miniaturized |
High susceptibility to temperature and ionic strength fluctuations; poor selectivity in complex matrices |
Enzyme-based assays, salinity detection, and water quality monitoring |
