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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1572011. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1572011

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Copyright © 2025 He, Yang, Liang, Zhang, Zhang and Chi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Network diagram illustrating connections between anxiety and depression indicators. Anxiety indicators (GAD1-GAD7) include nervousness, worry control, and fear. Depression indicators (PHQ1-PHQ8) include anhedonia, sad mood, and fatigue. Lines of varying thickness show relationships between items. Arrows indicate the direction of influence between nodes. Legend lists specific symptoms for each node. — Network diagram illustrating connections between anxiety and depression indicators. Arrows indicate the direction of influence between nodes. Legend lists specific symptoms for each node.