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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1572011. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1572011

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Copyright © 2025 He, Yang, Liang, Zhang, Zhang and Chi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Network diagram showing relationships between anxiety and depression symptoms. Anxiety nodes (GAD1-7) are orange; depression nodes (PHQ1-8) are blue. Arrows indicate the direction of influence between nodes. Legend lists specific symptoms for each node. — Subgraph of directed edges between depressive and anxiety symptoms. (1) A Subgraph of Directed acyclic graphs (DAG) network nodes represent symptoms and anxiety symptoms and edges represent directed connections between them. (2) The thickness of the arrows represents directional probability.