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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1596408. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1596408

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Copyright © 2025 Yu and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Radar charts comparing performance metrics on AFLW and PoseTrack datasets. Each chart includes Recall, F1 Score, Accuracy, and AUC. Four models are represented: w/o GBTL, w/o MMDF, w/o DCO, and Ours, with Ours achieving the highest values on both datasets. — Analysis of the ablation study for our approach on the AFLW and PoseTrack Datasets. Graph-based temporal learning(GBTL), multi-modal data fusion (MMDF), domain-constrained optimization (DCO).