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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1596408. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1596408

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Copyright © 2025 Yu and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graphs depict ablation study results for JHMDB and DeepLesion datasets. Four performance metrics—accuracy, recall, F1 score, and AUC—are evaluated across methods: without GBTL, MMDF, DCO, and the proposed method. Both datasets show performance improvements with the proposed method, especially accuracy. — Ablation analysis of our approach on the JHMDB and DeepLesion Datasets. Graph-based temporal learning (GBTL), multi-modal data fusion (MMDF), domain-constrained optimization (DCO).