Table 2.
Quantitative comparisons of healthy anatomy reconstruction performance between UNA and state-of-the-art, contrast-agnostic T1w synthesis models, evaluated on real images. Since we do not have ground truth anatomy for the stroke datasets, we only report the reconstruction performance within healthy regions. (ISLES [19] stroke dataset does not provide T1w MRI scans, therefore we only show qualitative results on ISLES in Fig. 4.)
| Modality | Dataset (Train/Test) | Method | Recon struction (on Healthy) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L1 (↓) | PSNR (↑) | SSIM (↑) | |||
| T1w MRI | ADNI [25] (1841/204) | SynthSR [23] | 0.014 | 26.78 | 0.984 |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.012 | 33.82 | 0.993 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.014 | 31.25 | 0.989 | ||
| UNA | 0.012 | 32.96 | 0.995 | ||
|
| |||||
| HCP [12] (808/87) | SynthSR [23] | 0.033 | 22.13 | 0.854 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.020 | 27.47 | 0.957 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.023 | 28.20 | 0.971 | ||
| UNA | 0.017 | 31.61 | 0.986 | ||
|
| |||||
| ADNI3 [53] (298/33) | SynthSR [23] | 0.023 | 23.60 | 0.928 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.021 | 29.89 | 0.966 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.020 | 26.67 | 0.935 | ||
| UNA | 0.019 | 30.01 | 0.975 | ||
|
| |||||
| ADHD200 [7] (865/96) | SynthSR [23] | 0.035 | 21.67 | 0.882 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.011 | 32.48 | 0.996 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.015 | 29.87 | 0.976 | ||
| UNA | 0.012 | 30.12 | 0.980 | ||
|
| |||||
| AIBL [15] (601/67) | SynthSR [23] | 0.026 | 22.95 | 0.916 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.009 | 33.73 | 0.972 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.012 | 29.86 | 0.950 | ||
| UNA | 0.010 | 32.89 | 0.964 | ||
|
| |||||
| * Stroke * ATLAS [31] (590/65) | SynthSR [23] | 0.030 | 23.50 | 0.881 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.027 | 26.09 | 0.892 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.025 | 26.73 | 0.905 | ||
| UNA | 0.020 | 29.10 | 0.974 | ||
|
| |||||
| T2w MRI | HCP [12] (808/87) | SynthSR [23] | 0.034 | 21.46 | 0.833 |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.016 | 28.10 | 0.934 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.018 | 26.45 | 0.915 | ||
| UNA | 0.016 | 28.62 | 0.949 | ||
|
| |||||
| AIBL [15] (272/30) | SynthSR [23] | 0.033 | 20.08 | 0.805 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.022 | 23.99 | 0.861 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.024 | 22.93 | 0.859 | ||
| UNA | 0.021 | 24.76 | 0.892 | ||
|
| |||||
| FLAIR MRI | ADNI3 [53] (298/33) | SynthSR [23] | 0.026 | 22.77 | 0.919 |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.017 | 26.44 | 0.927 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.023 | 25.62 | 0.929 | ||
| UNA | 0.015 | 27.43 | 0.965 | ||
|
| |||||
| AIBL [15] (302/34) | SynthSR [23] | 0.029 | 21.77 | 0.902 | |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.019 | 27.25 | 0.936 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.021 | 25.43 | 0.914 | ||
| UNA | 0.017 | 27.76 | 0.967 | ||
|
| |||||
| CT | OASIS3 [27] (795/88) | SynthSR [23] | 0.041 | 20.93 | 0.758 |
| Brain–ID [33] | 0.023 | 25.49 | 0.891 | ||
| PEPSI [34] | 0.027 | 22.98 | 0.842 | ||
| UNA | 0.022 | 25.68 | 0.897 | ||