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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. 2024 May 9;141:104397. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104397

Table 2.

Mixed effects logistic regression of demographic correlates of polysubstance involvement in drug-related deaths with jurisdiction as random effects (n=70,917).

Crude OR 95% CI Adjusted OR 95% CI

Sex
Female 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) 1.21 (1.17, 1.25)
Male (ref)
Age (per year) 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) 0.99 (0.99, 0.99)
Race/ethnicity*
American Indian or Alaska Native 1.88 (1.56, 2.26) 1.86 (1.54, 2.23)
Asian (ref)
Black or African American 1.20 (1.05, 1.37) 1.27 (1.11, 1.46)
Hispanic or Latin American 1.50 (1.31, 1.72) 1.48 (1.29, 1.70)
More than one race 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) 1.31 (1.10, 1.56)
Other 1.50 (1.18, 1.90) 1.50 (1.18, 1.91)
White 1.59 (1.39, 1.81) 1.68 (1.47, 1.91)
Year 1.1 (1.09, 1.11) 1.1 (1.1, 1.1)