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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2024 Nov 17;104(7):1327–1336. doi: 10.1002/ccd.31282

TABLE 1 ∣.

Endotype descriptions.

CMVD endotypes Pathophysiology Diagnostic cut off Technique
Adenosine testing
Endothelial independent CMD Impaired vasodilation endothelial independent dysfunction CFR < 2.5
HMR > 2.5
IMR > 25
MRR < 2.7
Doppler/thermodilution doppler thermodilution thermodilution
Acetylcholine testing
Endothelial dependent CMD Impaired vasodilation endothelial dependent dysfunction <50% ΔCBF Δ coronary diameter (%) Doppler doppler/thermodilution
Microvascular vasospastic angina (MVA) Abnormal microvascular vasoconstriction <90% coronary constriction, Ischemic ECG, Angina Doppler/thermodilution
Epicardial vasospastic angina (VSA) Abnormal epicardial vasoconstriction >90% coronary vasospasm, ischemic ECG, angina Doppler/thermodilution