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. 2025 Aug 22;22(1):1989323. doi: 10.1080/17290376.2021.1989323

Table 2.

Social/Psychological themes.

Category Theme Common topics
Appraisal and Emotional Support Serostatus disclosure Seeking and offering support
  Relationship difficulties How to disclose and to whom
  Negative affect Care
    Concern
    Encouragement
    Advice
    Negotiating partners’ HIV testing
    Expression and management of emotional distress
Informational Support Medical concerns Advice
  HIV and Pregnancy Myths Information exchange
    Pregnancy health behaviours
    HIV transmission during pregnancy and delivery
    Taking ARV
    HIV and breastfeeding
    Diet and physical health
Spiritual Support Coping Spirituality and coping
    Encouraging faith and prayer
    Religiosity as comfort
HIV Acceptance and Disclosure Coping with HIV status Stigma Managing grief
    Denial
    Mistrust of health care system
    Openness and acceptance
    Stigma associated with HIV diagnosis and barrier to disclosure
Gratefulness for the Group Benefits Group assisted with coping
    Built courage to disclose
    Gained valuable information
    Helped to manage suicidal ideation