Table 1.

Multi-omics insights into plant responses to cadmium stress.

Plant species	Methods	Results
Ricinus communis L.121	GWAS	LOC8279875 regulates Cd transport
Nicotiana tabacum L.122	Transcriptomics	WRKY12/27/33 suppress Cd accumulation
Populus yunnanensis L.123	Proteomics	Upregulation of MAPK3/6 and CCOAOMT enhanced Cd compartmentalization.
Arabidopsis thaliana L.124	Transcriptomics	Altered expression of WRKY TFs and glutathione metabolism genes under Cd stress.
Oryza sativa L.125	Multi-omics	Coordinated expression of Nramp1, HMA3, and IRT1