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. 2025 Aug 19;15(36):29201–29216. doi: 10.1039/d5ra05372b

Table 3. In silico ADMET properties of abietane-type resin acids (predicted with SwissADME and ADMETlab 3.0).

Property Callitrisic Levopimaric Palustric Pimaric
Physicochemical
MW (g mol−1) 300.4 302.5 302.5 302.5
Rotatable bonds 2 2 2 2
TPSA (Å2) 37.3 37.3 37.3 37.3
Log Po/w (consensus) 4.36 4.34 4.39 4.56
XLOGP3 4.80 4.78 4.48 5.55
Drug-likeness
Lipinski 1 violation (logP) 1 violation 1 violation 1 violation
Bioavailability score 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Absorption & distribution
GI absorption High High High High
BBB permeant Yes Yes Yes Yes
P-gp substrate Yes No No No
Metabolism (CYP inhibition) 2C19, 2C9 2C19, 2C9 2C19, 2C9 2C19, 2C9
Excretion
CLplasma (mL min−1 kg−1) 3.15 3.26 2.82 2.76
t 1/2 (h) 0.88 0.72 0.77 1.00
Toxicity (probability 0–1)
AMES mutagenicity 0.21 0.10 0.13 0.10
hERG blocker 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.02
Hepatotoxicity 0.76 0.65 0.61 0.59
Nephrotoxicity 0.86 0.81 0.91 0.71
Neurotoxicity 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.02
Carcinogenicity 0.86 0.63 0.74 0.77