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. 2025 Aug 21;21:1717–1729. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S541312

Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Data

HC (n=30) MDD (n=30)
Demographic data
Age, year 37 (35–51) 47 (36.2–53)
Sex, male 53.3% (16) 46.6% (14)
BMI, kg/m2 23.1 (21.5–24.4) 24.2 (21.8–26.1)
Education
 Junior high school 0% (0) 0% (0)
 High school 3.33% (1) 33.3% (10)
 Junior college 13.3% (4) 33.3% (10)
 University/graduate School 83.3% (25) 33.3% (10)
Smoking 6.6% (2) 26.6% (8)
Exercise habit 36.6% (11) 23.3% (7)
Comorbid disease
Dyslipidemia 0% (0) 10% (3)
High blood pressure 0% (0) 23.3% (7)
Diabetes mellitus 0% (0) 13.3% (4)
Clinical data
Disease period, year 4 (1–8)
Times of episode, times 2 (1–2)
MADRS, points 24.5 (9–31.5)
Psychiatric medicine 93% (28)
Imipramine equivalent 150 (81.2–225)

Note: Data are expressed as median and interquartile range and percentages.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MDD, major depressive disorder; HC, healthy control; MADRS, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale; n, number.