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. 2025 Jun;19(2):69–84. doi: 10.18502/jfrh.v19i2.19295

Table 2:

Included studies

Authors, Year, Country Type of study General characteristics of the intervention Main findings
Type of intervention Recommended Strategy Sample size Total sample Mean ±SD Intervention Mean ±SD Control Mean ±SD Data collection Follow-up
F Marsal et al., 2013, Egypt RCT Prenatal counseling 86 NR 16.33±1.26 16.92 ±1.23

  • -Interviews

  • - Physical assessment

  • -First and three months after the pretest;

  • -3 to 6 days after birth (home visit)

  • -Prenatal health education should be an integral part of prenatal care
Fereshteh Jahdi et al., 2019, Iran RCT Attachment behaviors training 73 18.18±1.1 60.86±9.75 44.44±12.99

  • -Individual social questionnaire.

  • -Parenting Sense of Competence.

  • -Before the intervention

  • -10 days after delivery

  • -training is effective in obtaining the Competence of adolescent mothers.
Jeannette Ickovics et al., 2016, USA Cluster RCT CP Plus 1148 NR 18.7 ± 1.8 18.6 ± 1.7

  • -Medical records and examinations

  • -Second and third trimesters

  • - the 6th and 12th months after childbirth

  • -More favorable birth, neonatal, and reproductive outcomes.
Linda Flynn et al., 2008, USA Program evaluation TPP 83 NR 16.5±1.2 NR

  • -McBride & Gienapp (2000)

  • -Assessment of consequences of programs related to pregnancy notices for adolescents (McBride & Jinap, 2000

 Home Visits:

  • -Each month, participants received:

  • -1 home visit by a public health-registered nurse

  • -1 home visit by a medical social worker

  • -Significant increases in resource utilization, including prenatal care appointments

  • -No significant differences in mean infant birth weight
Roya Sanginabadi et al., 2023, Iran Quasi-experimental Couple-centered counseling 90 NR 17.75± 1.26 17.66± 1.16

  • -CWS

  • -PRAQ

  • -Conducted four weeks after the last counseling session

  • -Reduce the anxiety and concerns of prim gravid adolescents
Behjat Tallebi et al., 2019, Iran Quasi-experimental

  • -Neonatal care education

 116 NR NR NR

  • -Cohen’s Perceived Stress Questionnaire

  • -Conducted at 38 weeks

  • -Follow-up at 30 days after delivery

  • -neonatal care education on Reducing stress in adolescent mothers.
Maureen Phipps et al., 2013, Rhode Island RCT The Project REACH intervention was an adaptation of an IPT-based 106 NR 16 ± NR 16 ± NR KID-SCID interview

  • -At 6-weeks,

  • -3months and 6months after delivery

  • -An intervention reduce the risk for postpartum depression
Jennifer Felder et al., 2017, California cluster-RCT Centering Pregnancy Plus 1135 NR 18.66 ± 1.78 18.62 ± 1.69

  • -Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

  • -During pregnancy (second and third trimesters)

  • -Postpartum (6 and 12 months)

  • -Group prenatal care may be an effective non-pharmacological option for reducing depressive symptoms.
Ronya Rezaie et al., 2021, Iran RCT Self-care counseling 54 NR 17.96 ±1.5 18.07± 0.96

  • -HPQ-II

  • -PRE-MAMA

  • -PSI

  • -Before the Intervention

  • -4 Weeks After the Intervention

  • -Improve the health practices of adolescent pregnant women

  • -Enhance their attitudes towards maternal roles and pregnancy
Sunetr Boobpamala et al., 2022, Thailand RCT EDPP 72 NR 17.44 ± 1.46 17.81±1.24

  • -Sociodemographic Information

  • -Antenatal Depression Scale

  • -Coping Skills Scale

  • -Before the program

  • -7, 9, and 11 weeks after the program

  • -Depression scores in the experimental group were statistically lower than in the control group over time.

  • -Mean coping skill scores were statistically higher in the experimental group than in the control group at Week 11.
Peggy Smith et al., 2016, USA Quasi-experimental partner support in a prenatal care program 173 17.4 ± 1.1 17.2 ±1.0 17.4 ± 1.1

  • -ACASI

  • -Family Formation conceptualization of social support was based on Weiss’s (1974)

  • -During pregnancy until one month after delivery

  • -Significant shift in family formation and increased monetary support from partners from baseline to postpartum (at least one CP session was perceived).
Emma Whicher et al., 2012, England Pilot Project Motivational interviewing 20 NR 17.42 ±1.17 NR

  • -PESQ

  • -ASMA

  • -PESQ

  • -TLFBC

  • -Before the intervention

  • -Three months later

  • -Statistically To reduce substance use/misuse in pregnant teenagers.
Deborah Thomas, 2004, Rose Island A Pilot Study Comprehensive Psychoeducational 41 NR 16.1 ± 1.2 17.2±1.3

  • -CES-D

  • -Radloff 1977

  • - AAPI-2

 NR

  • -Can be effective in changing parenting attitudes and beliefs, suggesting an ultimate improvement in health promotion and disease prevention in adolescent women and their children.
Mary Rogers, 1996, Columbia, South Carolina Program evaluation RMP 7226 NR NR NR

  • -RMP data

  • -Maternity Data System data

  • -Birth certificate data

  • -Pregnancy

  • -After childbirth

  • -No significant effect on low birth weight (LBW)

  • -Unmarried teenagers in the RMP group were less likely to have a preterm birth (PTB) compared to unmarried teenagers in other counties.
John T. walkup, 2009, India RCT Home-visiting 167 NR NR NR

  • -Parenting Knowledge

  • -Parent Involvement.

  • -HOME

  • -ITSEA

  • -Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression

  • -Substance Use (not applicable proportions reported)

  • -Social Support

  • -Parenting Stress Index

  • -Interventions began during pregnancy and continued to:

  • -6 months postpartum

  • -Follow-up assessments at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum.

  • -Effective for young American Indian mothers in improving maternal knowledge and infant behavior outcomes.

  • -A longer, larger study is needed to replicate results and evaluate the durability of child behavior outcomes.
Fateme Malchi, 2023, Iran RCT Group prenatal care 294 NR 17.42±1.31 17.40±1.28

  • -Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women (developed by Kameda et al., 2008)

  • -Before Intervention: 6–10 weeks

  • -After Intervention: 38–40 weeks

  • -The total empowerment score was significantly improved in the GPNC group compared to the Individual Prenatal Care (IPNC) group
Ediz Ç, Kavak Budak F, 2023, Turkey RCT PSSB 105 NR 18.36±0.77 18.18±0.94

  • BAI

  • EPDS

  • MSPSS

 pre-test–post-test

  • -Reduced anxiety and depression and increased the perceived social support levels of pregnant adolescents.
Marcela Aracena et al., 2009, Santiago de Chil . RCT Psychoeducational and Home Visits During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy 104 17.21±1.38 17.3 ±.23 17, 15 ± .22

  • -Physical Health Evaluation:

  • -Chilean adaptation of Goldberg’s -General Health Questionnaire

  • -Questionnaire developed by the Pan-American Health Organization

  • -Child Evaluation:

  • -Assessment of physical health

  • -Psychomotor skills

  • -Indicators for child abuse

  • -Duration: Home visits continued until the child reached one year of age.

  • -Average Visits: Each mother received an average of 12 one-hour home visits.
  • -The home visit program was more effective than standard care provided by health centers in:
    1. Encouraging a higher level of mental health.
    2. Improving nutritional status among young women.
    3. Promoting a higher level of language development in children.
Maryam Nashtifani, 2021, Iran RCT Cognitive-behavioral counseling 64 NR 17.31 ±1.28 16.56±1.85 ESPW

  • -Before the intervention

  • -Two weeks after the intervention

  • -Empowerment score in the intervention group was significantly higher compared to the control group.
Umaporn Kuasit, 2018, Thailand RCT RENP 130 NR 17.39±1.83 17.35± 1.70

  • -Resilience Scale

  • -Life Goals Scale

  • -Before the intervention

  • -4th week after the intervention

  • -8th week after the intervention

  • -The experimental group had a significantly greater improvement in the mean score of life goals compared to the control group at both the 4th and 8th weeks
Michael Robling, 2016, England RCT FNP 18 sites/1618 women. NR 17·9 ± NR 17·9 ± NR

  • -Maternal outcomes

  • -Child outcomes

 Time points at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (nested within participants, family nurses, and sites)

  • -Adding the FNP to usual health and social care did not provide extra short-term benefits.

  • - Program continuation is not justified based on current evidence, but may be reconsidered if longer-term evidence emerges. .
Bussayamas Nooied, 2023, Southern Thailand RCT NCSEEPMA 128 NR 17.05±1.53 17.08± 1.58

  • -FCTTQ

  • -TCBSEI

  • -1st Session: Gestational Age (GA) 32–35 weeks (60 minutes)

  • -2nd Session: GA 33–36 weeks

  • -Additional Assessment: GA 34–37 weeks

  • -The experimental group showed a significantly higher mean score for childbirth self-efficacy (p < 0.001) and a lower mean score for fear of childbirth (p < 0.001).

CP Plus: Centering Pregnancy Plus group prenatal care; TPP: Teen Parenting Partnership Program; CWS: Cambridge Worry Scale; PRAQ: Pregnancy related; HPQ-II: Health Practices in Pregnancy Questionnaire-II; Pre-MAMA: PSI: Pregnancy Symptoms Inventory; ACASI: Through Computer Aided Self-Reporting Interview; EDPP: Enhancing Developmentally Oriented Primary Prevention program; PESQ: Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire; ASMA: Assessment of Substance Misuse in Adolescents; PESQ: The Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire; AAPI: Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory; CES-D: Center Studies Epidemiological - scale Depression; HOME: Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; ITSEA: Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; EPDS: Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale; MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; ESPW: Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women; RENP: Resilience Enhancing Nursing Program; FNP: Family Nurse Partnership; NCSEEPMA: Nurse-led childbirth self-efficacy enhancement program with mobile application; FCTTQ: The Fear of Childbirth in the Third Trimester Questionnaire; TCBSEI: Thai Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory