Table 4.
Multivariable associations between neurodevelopmental outcomes and characteristics in the CHD cohort. Sulcal measures have been scaled to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 in the entire sample. Data are presented as β ± SE (FDR p).
| Executive Function (n=171) | General Memory (n=173) | Processing Speed (n=161) | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| β ± (FDR p). | |||
| Right hemisphere sulcal similarity (d-TGA and ToF) | 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.004*) | 4.1 ± 1.9 (0.03*) | 5.4 ± 1.7 (0.003*) |
| Right hemisphere sulcal similarity (SV) | −0.2 ± 0.2 (0.55) | −2.5 ± 1.8 (0.24) | −0.9 ± 1.5 (0.64) |
| d-TGA (vs. SV) | 0.2 ± 0.4 (0.64) | −0.7 ± 4.3 (0.88) | 12.4 ± 3.8 (0.004*) |
| ToF (vs. SV) | −0.1 ± 0.5 (0.88) | 1.9 ± 4.6 (0.73) | 7.9 ± 4.0 (0.08) |
| Self-reported white race | 1.0 ± 0.5 (0.06) | - | - |
| Family social class | 0.03 ± 0.01 (0.005*) | 0.41 ± 0.09 (<0.001*) | 0.29 ± 0.08 (0.002*) |
| Age at first operation, days | - | - | −0.01 ± 0.01 (0.38) |
| DHCA duration, minutes | −0.02 ± 0.01 (0.002*) | −0.15 ± 0.05 (0.006*) | −0.23 ± 0.05 (<0.001*) |
| Number of perioperative complications | −0.19 ± 0.10 (0.08) | - | - |
| Any neurological event | −0.9 ± 0.4 (0.02*) | −9.4 ± 3.0 (0.006*) | −4.0 ± 2.6 (0.19) |
| Number of catheterizations | −0.26 ± 0.09 (0.01*) | - | - |
| Number of operations | - | −2.1 ± 2.0 (0.38) | −1.8 ± 1.7 (0.38) |
|
| |||
| R2 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.42 |
| RMSE | 1.7 | 15.2 | 12.7 |
| Cross-validation RMSE | 1.9 | 16.9 | 13.3 |
| % Change in RMSE | 9.2 | 11.5 | 4.7 |
*
FDR p < 0.05, CHD: congenital heart disease, DHCA: deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, d-TGA: d-transposition of the great arteries, FDR: false discovery rate, RMSE: root mean squared error, SE: standard error, SV: single ventricle, ToF: Tetralogy of Fallot