TABLE 2.
Performances on Neuropsychological Assessments by Self-reported Current Primary Language Used for Oral Communication
| Self-reported current primary language | Zuni (N = 18) | English (N = 21) | Total (N = 39) | t or χ2 score | P | Cohen d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| MoCA* | 25.5 [22.0;28.0] | 27.0 [26.0;28.5] | 27.0 [23.0;28.0] | 1.06 | 0.30 | 0.33 |
| Craft-I | 36.3 ± 11.3 | 38.4 ± 10.7 | 37.5 ± 10.9 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.19 |
| Craft-D | 37.9 ± 10.9 | 39.5 ± 8.2 | 38.7 ± 9.5 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.17 |
| Benson-I* | 58.2 [57.3;59.2] | 58.0 [50.2;58.6] | 58.2 [50.5;59.0] | 0.89 | 0.35 | −0.32 |
| Benson-D | 46.3 ± 9.9 | 48.6 ± 11.1 | 47.5 ± 10.5 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.22 |
| NS-F | 40.3 ± 8.1 | 41.5 ± 8.6 | 40.9 ± 8.3 | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.14 |
| NS-B | 40.7 ± 4.8 | 38.2 ± 8.0 | 39.4 ± 6.7 | −1.16 | 0.26 | −0.37 |
| MINT | 39.3 ± 7.6 | 41.9 ± 9.8 | 40.7 ± 8.8 | 0.91 | 0.37 | 0.29 |
| Fluency F+L | 37.9 ± 6.7 | 37.0 ± 8.0 | 37.4 ± 7.4 | −0.38 | 0.71 | −0.12 |
| Animals | 38.5 ± 8.6 | 36.3 ± 8.0 | 37.3 ± 8.3 | −0.83 | 0.41 | −0.27 |
| Vegetables | 38.8 ± 10.2 | 39.1 ± 6.4 | 39.0 ± 8.3 | 0.10 | 0.92 | 0.03 |
| Trails-A* | 37.9 [28.6;45.3] | 39.9 [27.9;47.4] | 38.5 [28.2;45.5] | 0.19 | 0.66 | 0.16 |
| Trails-B* | 37.2 [32.5;40.1] | 38.1 [26.7;47.4] | 38.1 [29.1;42.4] | 0.20 | 0.65 | −0.05 |
Note: indicates variable is not normally distributed and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate group differences. MoCA indicates Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Craft-I, Craft Story 21 immediate recall; Craft-D, Craft Story 21 delayed recall; Benson-I, Benson complex figure copy; Benson-D, Benson complex figure delayed recall; NS-F, Number span test forward; NS-B, number span test backwards; MINT, multilingual naming test; Fluency F+L, phonemic test F and L words total; Animals, fluency animal list generation, Vegetables, Fluency vegetables list generation; Trails-A, trail making test part A; Trails-B, trail making test part B.