Table 2. Types of digital tools per tool category.
| Study | Name and purpose of the tool | Type of tool | Fully self-guided | Home setting | Stage of tool maturity in the context of the article [32] | Stage of tool evaluation in the context of the article [32] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary prevention | ||||||
| Aalbers et al (2016); the Netherlands [37] | BAM-COG: Motivate adults to adopt healthy lifestyle changes to prevent cognitive decline | Internet-based game test battery (website) | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Anstey et al (2020); Australia [40] | BBL-GP: Reduce risk of cognitive decline in at-risk individuals | Internet-based online environment (website) | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Bird et al (2021); United Kingdom [44] | eCFT: Behavior changes; promote cognitive-healthy lifestyle | Website | No | No | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Bott et al (2018); United States [39] | VC Health: Improve cognitive abilities; reduce depression/anxiety; prompt lifestyle behavior changes | Internet-based online environment (website) | Yes | Yes | Mid | Effectiveness |
| Corbett et al (2015); United States [36] | ReaCT and GCT: Improve cognitive abilities, dementia prevention, and maintenance of cognitive function | Computerized cognitive training (website) | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Eun et al (2022); South Korea [45] | Artificial intelligence–based serious game: Enhance participants’ engagement in cognitive training | Web-based app; artificial intelligence–based; mobile app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype and pilot) | Efficacy |
| Glenn et al (2019); Japan [38] | Neurotrack MHP: Change behavior to improve risk factors related to cognitive decline | Smartphone app | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Feasibility |
| Isaacson et al (2014); United States [43] | Alzheimer’s Universe: Impact knowledge and behavior change | Website | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Oh et al (2018); South Korea [46] | SMART: Improve attention and memory performance in older adults with subjective memory complaints | Smartphone app | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Palac et al (2019); United States [47] | BitGym: Improve physical activity, increase wayfinding self-efficacy and performance | iPad app on aerobic machine | Yes | No | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Petrella et al (2023); United States [48] | Lumosity: Improve cognitive abilities; stimulate cognitive domains | Web-based app | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Tedim Cruz et al (2014); Portugal [49] | COGWEB: Enhance cognitive functioning | Computerized cognitive training (website) | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Vanoh et al (2018); Malaysia [34] | WESIHAT 2.0: Educate older adults about precautionary strategies against MCIa | Web-based app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Wesselman et al (2020); the Netherlands and Germany [41] | Hello Brain: Enhance brain-healthy lifestyle | Web-based app (smartphone, tablet, computer) | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Feasibility and usability |
| Secondary prevention | ||||||
| Bahar-Fuchs et al (2017); Australia [50] | CogniFit General Training: Improve cognitive abilities | Computerized cognitive training (website) | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Djabelkhir et al (2017); France [51] | CCS and CCE: Improve cognitive abilities; stimulate cognitive domains | Tablet app and television | No | No | Early (preprototype and prototype) | Feasibility |
| Hartin et al (2016); United States [35] | Gray Matters: Promote and monitor behavior change and encourage the motivations of the participants | Smartphone app; tablet app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype and pilot) | Feasibility, usability, and efficacy |
| Hassandra et al (2021); Greece [52] | VRADA: Improve cognition and physical fitness of people with MCI | Virtual reality–based app | No | No | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Hill et al (2018); United States [53] | Modified ATA: Enhance cognitive functioning | Tablet app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Hughes et al (2014); United States [54] | Nintendo Wii: Improve cognitive performance | Nintendo Wii | No | No | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Infarinato et al (2020); Italy [55] | EWall: Improve physical and mental health | Television/touchscreen-based app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Lin et al (2022); Taiwan [56] | Xavix Hot Plus: Improve cognitive abilities | Video games | No | No | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Savulich et al (2017); United Kingdom [57] | Game Show: Improve cognitive abilities | Tablet app | Yes | No | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Smith et al (2020); United States [58] | mPACT: Stimulate cognitive abilities via physical activity | Tablet app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Zajaç-Lamparska et al (2019); Poland [59] | GRADYS: Cognitive intervention or stimulation | Virtual reality–based | No | No | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Daily life support | ||||||
| Baric et al (2019); Sweden [42] | RemindMe: Aid people with active reminders | Smartphone app; SMS text messaging | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Usability |
| Beentjes et al (2023); the Netherlands [60] | FindMyApps: Aid people with mild dementia/MCI and caregivers to find user-friendly apps | Web app for tablet or smartphone | No | Yes | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Chudoba et al (2020); United States [61] | RBANS (DMN): Help maintain functional independence and quality of life via digital memory notebook | App | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Cortellessa et al (2021); Spain and Romania [62] | TV-AssistDem: Facilitate remote support and communication between patients, caregivers, and health care professionals | Television-based app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Feasibility |
| Piculell et al (2021); Sweden [63] | SMART4MD: Facilitate sense of coherence | Tablet app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Schmitter-Edgecombe et al (2022); United States [64] | EMMA: Mitigate impact of cognitive impairment on daily activities | App | No | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
| Scullin et al (2022); United States [65] | Reminder App: Support prospective memory in people with MCI and mild dementia | Smartphone-based app | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Feasibility and efficacy |
| Quintana et al (2020); Sweden and Spain [66] | SMART4MD: Support people with cognitive impairment and carers to improve quality of life | Tablet app or smartphone app | Yes | Yes | Early (prototype) | Feasibility and usability |
| Self-reported cognitive and risk assessment | ||||||
| Bonnechère et al (2018); Belgium [67] | MG: Assess cognitive abilities | Tablet app/touch pad | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Brandt et al (2014); United States [68] | Dementia risk assessment: Assess risk of dementia | Web-based website | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Brandt et al (2013); United States [69] | Dementia risk assessment: Assess risk of dementia | Web-based website | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Lancaster et al (2020); United Kingdom [70] | Gallery game: Data collection on cognitive abilities | Smartphone app | Yes | Yes | Early (pilot) | Efficacy |
| Decision support | ||||||
| Bogza et al (2020); Canada [71] | Web-based decision aid for MCI intervention: Aid people in becoming better informed and involved in decision-making | Website | No | No | Early (prototype) | Usability |
| Ekstract et al (2017); United States [72] | APOEb genetic testing decision aid: Educate people about APOE testing and help them decide whether to undergo it | Website | Yes | Yes | Mid (demonstration) | Effectiveness |
a
MCI: mild cognitive impairment.
b
APOE: apolipoprotein E.