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. 2025 Aug 25;9:e69824. doi: 10.2196/69824

Table 4. Background characteristics of health care workers and reported or perceived digital ecosystem at primary health care level, Chandigarh, 2022.

Parameter Number (N=120), n (%)
Age group (years)
 21‐30 27 (22.5)
 31‐40 59 (49.2)
 41‐50 21 (17.5)
 51‐60 13 (10.8)
Sex
 Male 15 (12.5)
 Female 105 (87.5)
Education level
 High school 14 (11.7)
 Graduate or diploma 75 (62.5)
 Postgraduation 31 (25.8)
Designation
 ANMa 67 (55.8)
 MPWb 13 (10.8)
 Staff nurse or LHVc 1 (0.8)
 DEOd 7 (5.8)
 Medical officer 12 (10)
 STSe or NTEPf 8 (6.7)
 Others 12 (10)
Language literacy (multiple responses, n=291)
 English 120 (100)
 Hindi 107 (89.2)
 Punjabi 64 (53.3)
DHIsg used by HCWsh (multiple responses, n=503)
 RCHi portal 82 (68.3)
 ANMOLj portal 80 (66.7)
 Ni-kshay 9 (7.5)
 IDSP IHIPk portal 87 (72.5)
 eVINl 48 (40.0)
 FP-LMISm 42 (35.0)
 HWCn portal 11 (9.2)
 CoWINo 7 (5.8)
 CPHC-NCDp 71 (59.2)
 HMISq 11 (9.2)
 eSanjeevani 15 (12.5)
 Other (PMMVYr and eHospital) 40 (33.3)
Perceived adequacy: adequate number of computers/tablets at the health facility center
 Yes 102 (85.0)
Strength or speed of internet at health facility
 No connectivity 4 (3.3)
 Very poor 22 (18.3)
 Poor 38 (31.7)
 Satisfactory 49 (40.8)
 Strong 7 (5.8)
 Very strong 0 (0)
Ease of working on digital device as compared with paper system
 Very difficult 0 (0)
 Difficult 23 (19.2)
 Equal 17 (14.2)
 Easy 74 (61.7)
 Very easy 6 (5)
Agree that dual data entry has increased your workload
 Strongly agree 94 (78.3)
 Agree 13 (10.8)
 Neutral 2 (1.7)
 Disagree 3 (2.5)
 Strongly disagree 1 (0.8)
Preferred language for web portals or mobile health apps
 English 115 (95.8)
 Hindi 5 (4.2)
 Punjabi 0 (0)
a

ANM: auxiliary nurse midwife.

b

MPW: multipurpose worker.

c

LHV: lady health visitor.

d

DEO: data entry operator.

e

STS: Senior Treatment Supervisor.

f

NTEP: National Tuberculosis Elimination Program.

g

DHI: digital health intervention.

h

HCW: health care worker.

i

RCH: Reproductive and Child Health.

j

ANMOL: Auxiliary Nurse Midwife OnLine.

k

IDSP IHIP: Integrated Disease Surveillance Platform–Integrated Health Information Platform.

l

eVIN: Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network.

m

FP-LMIS: Family Planning–Logistics Management Information System.

n

HWC: health and wellness center.

o

CoWIN: COVID-19 Vaccine Intelligence Network.

p

CPHC-NCD: Comprehensive Primary Health Care–Noncommunicable Disease.

q

HMIS: Health Management Information System.

r

PMMVY: Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.