Table 4.
Participant Demographics and Neuropsychologic Assessment Scores, Grouped by EPVS Staals Score
| Variable | EPVS Staals (low) (n = 748) | EPVS Staals (high) (n = 231) | Total cohort (N = 979) | p Value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Agea | 56.71 ± 10.56 | 63.06 ± 9.77 | 58.21 ± 10.72 | <0.001c |
| Sex (female)b | 445 (59.5) | 149 (64.8) | 593 (60.7%) | 0.151 |
| Education (y)a | 15.05 ± 3.58 | 14.33 ± 3.36 | 14.88 ± 3.54 | 0.007c |
| APOE ε4 carrierb | 133 (18.9) | 40 (19.2) | 173 (18.9%) | 0.920 |
| Diabetes mellitusb | 61 (8.2) | 29 (12.6) | 90 (9.2%) | 0.460 |
| Hypertensionb | 199 (26.6) | 95 (41.1) | 294 (30.0%) | <0.001c |
| Hyperlipidemiab | 537 (72.0) | 172 (74.5) | 709 (72.6%) | 0.461 |
| Neuropsychologic assessments | ||||
| Global cognition | ||||
| MoCAa | 26.14 ± 2.61 | 25.9 ± 2.69 | 26.08 ± 2.63 | 0.241 |
| VCATa | 27.19 ± 2.62 | 26.29 ± 3.25 | 26.97 ± 2.80 | <0.001c |
| Learning/memory | ||||
| RAVLTa | 50.21 ± 10.41 | 48.55 ± 10.84 | 49.82 ± 10.53 | 0.041c |
| FCSRTa | 12.63 ± 2.34 | 12.16 ± 2.33 | 12.52 ± 2.34 | 0.009c |
| Working memory | ||||
| DS (backward)a | 9.54 ± 2.48 | 9.27 ± 2.40 | 9.48 ± 2.46 | 0.140 |
| Executive function | ||||
| TOPJ 9a | 16.64 ± 4.06 | 16.33 ± 3.94 | 16.56 ± 4.03 | 0.330 |
| CT-2a | 88.15 ± 31.90 | 96.51 ± 34.94 | 90.12 ± 32.81 | 0.001c |
| Processing speed | ||||
| CT-1a | 44.50 ± 17.99 | 48.76 ± 21.78 | 45.50 ± 19.02 | 0.004c |
| Codinga | 72.16 ± 16.79 | 68.4 ± 16.98 | 71.28 ± 16.90 | 0.003c |
| Language | ||||
| Semantic fluency (animals)a | 19.37 ± 4.74 | 18.47 ± 4.52 | 19.16 ± 4.70 | 0.010c |
| Visuospatial skills | ||||
| BDNa | 42.28 ± 11.15 | 41.31 ± 11.44 | 42.06 ± 11.22 | 0.259 |
| RCFTa | 32.69 ± 3.47 | 32.72 ± 3.11 | 32.69 ± 3.39 | 0.902 |
| Attention | ||||
| DS (forward)a | 11.15 ± 2.40 | 10.84 ± 2.46 | 11.08 ± 2.42 | 0.096 |
Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance; BDN = Block Design; CT = Color Trial; DS = Digit Span; FCRST = Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; EPVS = enlarged perivascular spaces; RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RCFT = Rey Complex Figure Test; TOPJ = Test of Practical Judgment; VCAT = Visual Cognitive Assessment Test.
a
Mean ± SD.
b
Frequency (percentages).
c
Significance level set at p < 0.05. Comparing the 2 groups using χ2 for categorical variables or 1 way ANOVA for continuous variables.