Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up characteristics of Type 2 diabetes patients: No progression versus progression to micro- or macroalbuminuria. Data are presented as mean ± SD, number (percentage), or median (interquartile range). BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting glucose; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine.
| Variable | No progression ( n = 188) | Progression ( n = 45) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| Female | — | 69 (36.7%) | — | 11 (24.4%) |
| Age (years) | 59.89 ± 11.39 | 64.83 ± 11.41 | 56.58 ± 10.53 | 61.87 ± 10.79 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12.53 ± 8.12 | 16.61 ± 8.55 | 11.02 ± 6.17 | 17.36 ± 6.80 |
| Follow-up time (years) | — | 4.87 (3.64, 6.31) | — | 5.64 (3.87, 6.58) |
| Weight (kg) | 72.00 (63.25, 80.50) | 70.00 (61.75, 80.00) | 70.25 (61.50, 79.03) | 70.00 (63.00, 80.25) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.26 (23.57, 27.50) | 25.01 (23.24, 27.43) | 25.34 (21.80, 27.03) | 25.23 (21.97, 27.43) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.08 ± 8.88 | 96.47 ± 9.89 | 89.91 ± 9.49a | 95.67 ± 10.29 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.68 ± 6.69 | 101.42 ± 8.28 | 97.91 ± 10.39 | 101.53 ± 8.49 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 0.95 ± 0.06 |
| Smoking | 79 (42.0%) | 77 (41.0%) | 27 (60.0%)a | 27 (60.0%)a |
| Drinking | 77 (41.0%) | 81 (43.1%) | 27 (60.0%)a | 26 (57.8%) |
| Hypertension | 117 (62.2%) | 125 (66.8%) | 29 (64.4%) | 31 (68.9%) |
| Fatty liver | 44 (23.4%) | 69 (36.7%) | 13 (28.9%) | 17 (37.8%) |
| Coronary heart disease | 45 (23.9%) | 66 (35.1%) | 10 (22.2%) | 14 (31.1%) |
| Osteoporosis | 12 (6.4%) | 28 (14.9%) | 3 (6.7%) | 4 (8.9%) |
| History of cerebral hemorrhage | 6 (3.2%) | 8 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.2%) |
| History of cerebral infarction | 33 (17.6%) | 51 (27.1%) | 6 (13.3%) | 11 (24.4%) |
| Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | 124 (66.0%) | 139 (73.9%) | 21 (46.7%)a | 30 (66.7%) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 50 (26.6%) | 60 (31.9%) | 10 (22.2%) | 14 (31.1%) |
| Heart rate | 72 (70, 76) | 74 (71, 78) | 72 (70, 78) | 74 (72, 78) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.84 ± 15.40 | 132.26 ± 17.09 | 134.04 ± 19.26 | 129.22 ± 17.17 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.01 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.25 | 1.12 ± 0.27 | 1.11 ± 0.26 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.85 | 2.28 ± 0.86 | 2.73 ± 0.88 | 2.24 ± 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.99 ± 0.95 | 3.97 ± 1.12 | 4.38 ± 1.00 | 3.92 ± 1.13 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.02, 2.26) | 1.46 (0.95, 2.20) | 1.28 (0.75, 2.03) | 1.33 (0.94, 1.79) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.80 (6.65, 9.40) | 7.25 (5.93, 8.70) | 7.90 (5.90, 10.90) | 6.40 (5.65, 8.48) |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.08 ± 2.21 | 8.91 ± 1.79 | 8.78 ± 1.82 | 8.07 ± 1.38a |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 366.46 ± 225.88 | 413.24 ± 374.37 | 352.06 ± 120.40 | 460.59 ± 363.82 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.00 (15.50, 24.00) | 18.00 (15.00, 22.00) | 17.00 (16.00, 21.00) | 18.00 (14.00, 23.00) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.33 ± 3.62 | 39.37 ± 3.03 | 42.06 ± 2.86 | 40.11 ± 3.07 |
| TSH (μIU/mL) | 1.67 (1.17, 2.76) | 1.73 (1.06, 2.54) | 1.88 (1.45, 3.90)a | 2.13 (1.07, 2.75) |
| FT3 (pg/mL) | 1.24 ± 0.29 | 2.94 ± 0.45 | 1.20 ± 0.23 | 2.84 ± 0.34 |
| FT4 (ng/dL) | 3.02 ± 1.05 | 1.22 ± 0.19 | 2.95 ± 0.39 | 1.19 ± 0.22 |
a p < 0.05 versus no progression at the same time point.