Table 3.

Results of efficacy outcome.

PD symptoms	Article	Scale	Findings
Voluntary motor symptoms	An Alternative Medicine Treatment for Parkinson's Disease: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group [30]	UPDRS-III	UPDRS-III scores decreasing after M. pruriens administration from 18.2 to 9.8 overall demonstrated an improvement in both levodopa (LD)-naïve patients and those previously treated with levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD)
	Katzenschlager et al. [31]	UPDRS	The highest UPDRS scores were during the “on” phase after administering 30 g of M. pruriens, with statistically significant improvements in the onset (p=0.046) and duration of the “on” state compared to LD/CD (p=0.021)
	Cilia et al. [32]	UPDRS-III	Low and high doses of M. pruriens, particularly when combined with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (M. pruriens + DDCI), led to motor performance improvements—16% with M. pruriens-Ld and up to 50% with M. pruriens + DDCI
	Cilia et al. [33]	MDS–UPDRS	There is no significant difference in MDS–UPDRS scores between M. pruriens and LD in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, though the per-protocol (PP) group did show motor improvements with M. pruriens
	Sakata et al. [34]	UPDRS-III	There are no significant differences in UPDRS-III scores between M. pruriens and LD/CD, though M. pruriens treatment was associated with a faster onset (40 min vs. 53.6 min) and longer duration of the “on” state (356.4 min vs. 162.1 min)
Involuntary motor symptoms	Katzenschlager et al. [31]	AIMS	There are no significant differences in AIMS scores between treatment arms (LD, 15 g M. pruriens, and 30 g M. pruriens)
	Cilia et al. [32]	Dyskinesia measure	M. pruriens significantly reduced dyskinesia at both 90 and 180 min compared to LD + DDCI (e.g., p=0.021 for M. pruriens -Hd vs. LD + DDCI at 90 min)
	Cilia et al. [33]	Dyskinesia measure	There is a reduction in “on” time with troublesome dyskinesia in the M. pruriens group, though this did not reach statistical significance in the ITT or PP analyses
	Sakata et al. [34]	Modified AIMS	There is no significant difference in modified AIMS scores between the two treatments LD, and M. pruriens (p=0.8)
Non motor response	Cilia et al. [33]	NMSQ	The NMSQ total score was 8.7 in the ITT group (p=0.908) and improved to 5 in the PP group (p=0.188)
		MDS–UPDRS	MDS–UPDRS-I scores were lower in the PP population, with a trend toward better performance in activities related to daily living and quality of life (p=0.059)
Quality of life	An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: results of a multicenter clinical trial. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group [30]	UPDRS-I	UPDRS-I score decreased overall, indicating better cognitive and behavioral function, with more pronounced improvements in LD-naïve patients
		UPDRS-II	UPDRS-II scores, reflecting motor aspects of daily living, were substantially reduced, suggesting enhanced patient independence.
	Cilia et al. [32]	UPDRS-II	There is a relatively higher UPDRS-II score during the off state, which may reflect differences in patient populations or treatment protocols
	Cilia et al. [33]	In PDQ-39 scores	There is no statistically significant difference in PDQ-39 scores—a PD-specific QoL questionnaire—between LD/CD and M. pruriens treatments, although trends favored LD/CD in the ITT group and M. pruriens in the PP group
Therapy complication	Cilia et al. [32]	UPDRS-IV	There is a decrease from 4.2 during the off phase to 1.4 during the on phase
Disability	An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: results of a multicenter clinical trial. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group [30]	The Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y)	The H&Y scale decreased from 2.5 to 1.6 for the overall patient group, including both levodopa-naïve patients and those who discontinued LD/CD prior to the trial
	Cilia et al. [32]	The Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y)	There is a mild to moderate stage of disability during the off phase, with a mean H&Y score of 2.6
	Cilia et al. [33]	The Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y)	There is a comparable H&Y score of 2 during the on phase for both treatment groups, indicating bilateral or midline involvement without balance impairment

Note: LD = levodopa, LD/CD = levodopa/carbidopa. M. pruriens = Mucuna pruriens, DDCI = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, ITT = intention to treat population, PP = per-protocol population, UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr scale.

Abbreviations: AIMS = Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, MDS–UPDRS = Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, PDQ-39 = Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, QoL = quality of life.