Fig. 3. Barriers and innovations in dendritic cell vaccine immunotherapy.
This figure contrasts the immunosuppressive barriers that limit dendritic cell vaccine efficacy with emerging strategies designed to overcome them. Barriers include tumorderived cytokines (e.g., IL-10, VEGF), reduced DC migration, and T cell dysfunction. Innovative solutions involve cDC1 targeting, mRNA-based antigen delivery, adjuvant integration, and combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These approaches aim to enhance T cell priming and durable antitumor responses.
