Table 1.

Technical refinements of allotransplantation that were adapted autotransplantation

Technique	Allotransplantation refinement	Adapted for autotransplantation
Islet isolation and purification	Enzymatic digestion protocols (e.g., collagenase) Density gradient centrifugation	Enhanced yield and purity of autologous islets
Islet preservation and transportation	Cold ischemia prevention and short-term culture media Storage solutions (e.g., University of Wisconsin solution)	Reduced ischemic damage Flexibility in timing
Quality assessment of islets	Viability and function assays (e.g., glucose-stimulated insulin secretion)	Assurance of viable, functional islets for infusion
Engraftment and site of transplantation	Intraportal liver infusion Alternative sites (e.g., omentum, muscle)	Liver and alternative site options for islet engraftment
Immunomodulation and supportive therapy	Anti-inflammatory therapies for islet protection	Short-term inflammation control to aid engraftment