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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1611358. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1611358

Table 14.

Robust test- Gender comparison of moderating effect of social participation.

Moderating effect Total Male Female Comparison
Coefficients Coefficients Coefficients Test statistics (χ2) p -Value
Unemployed*informal 0.076 *** 0.161 *** 0.048 ** 4.08 ** 0.043
Unemployed*formal −0.041 −0.053 −0.009 0.16 0.692
Unemployed for 0–2 years*informal 0.115 *** 0.161 *** 0.096 ** 0.53 0.466
Unemployed for 3–5 years*informal 0.110 ** 0.211 ** 0.088 0.62 0.432
Unemployed for 6–8 years*informal 0.193 ** 0.463 *** 0.093 0.93 0.335
Unemployed for 0–2 years*formal −0.156* 0.014 0.361*** 3.17* 0.075
Unemployed for 3–5 years*formal 0.219 0.001 0.326 ** 1.74 0.187
Unemployed for 6–8 years*formal / / / / /

The asterisk symbols following coefficients indicate different levels of statistical significance: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Bold values in regression indicate statistically significant coefficients (P value < 0.05).