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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1657802. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1657802

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Copyright © 2025 Chen, Li, Wu and Jiao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing risk assessment in terms of percentage for six categories: overall bias, selection of the reported result, measurement of the outcome, missing outcome data, deviations from intended interventions, and randomization process. Categories mostly indicate low risk in green, with some concerns in yellow and high risk in red, primarily highlighted for overall bias. — Risk of bias of the 18 studies.