Table 1.

Literature inclusion criteria.

PICOS element	Criteria
Population	≥60 years, stage I SO (complication-free), obesity via BMI/BF%, sarcopenia via EWGSOP2/AWGS
Intervention	One or more exercise interventions, ≥ 8 weeks
Comparison	Non-exercise control (usual care/health education)
Outcomes	Primary: body composition (BMI, BF%, fat mass, ASMI), physical performance (grip strength, gait speed, TUG, knee extension); Secondary: metabolic markers (glucose, insulin, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CPR, IL-6)
Study design	Randomized controlled trial (RCT)