Table 3.
Exercise protocols used in the studies.
| Author and Year | Type of exercise | Intensity | Volume | Exercise session | Frequency and period | Supervised or non-supervised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balachandran 2014 (26) |
Hypertrophy/strength | 70% of 1-RM | 110–120 min/week | The subject performed 10 repetitions. 1-RM was reached by all subjects in no more than 4–5 attempts. | 2 day/w, 15 weeks | Supervised |
| High-speed circuit | 50–80% of 1-RM | 80–90 min/week | Leg press, chest press, lat pulldown, biceps curl, leg curl, hip adduction, calf raise, shoulder press, and hip adduction. | |||
| Kim 2016 (28) |
CE | NA | 180 min/week | Warm-up, weight/machine training, stationary bicycle AR, and chair/standing exercise. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Maltais 2016 (27) |
RT | 80% of 1-RM | 180 min/week | Shoulder press, sit-ups, biceps curls, leg press, bench press, leg extension, rowing extensions, and leg curls (3 sets × 8 repetitions). | 3 day/w, 16 weeks | NA |
| Vasconcelos 2016 (29) | RT | 40–75% of 1-RM | 120 min/week | Straight leg raises for posterior leg muscles, straight leg raise, straight leg raises with crossing. | 2 day/w, 10 weeks | Supervised |
| Chen 2017 (31) |
RT | 60–70% of 1-RM | 120 min/week | Shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, and split front squats (3 sets × 8–12 repetitions). | 2 day/w, 8 weeks | Supervised |
| AR | Stepping on the spot, knee lifts, high knee running, rowing arm swings, arm swings, twist steps, arm raises, squats, V steps, mambo steps, diamond steps, and point step jumps. | |||||
| CE | The subject performed once a week with the AR following 48 h after RT. | |||||
| Huang 2017 (32) |
ERT | 13 points on the RPE | 165 min/week | 3 sets of 10 repetitions for training the shoulders, arms, lower limbs, chest, and abdomen. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Liao 2017 (24) |
RT | 13 points on the RPE | 135–150 min/week | 3 sets of 10 gentle concentric and eccentric contractions are slowly performed through the full range of motion. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Park 2017 (33) |
CE | RPE in the 13–17 range | 150–240 min/week | RT included elbow flexion, wrist flexion, shoulder flexion, lateral raise, front raise, chest press, reverse flies, side bend, dead lift, squat, leg press, and ankle plantar flexion. AR involved various walking activities (sideways, backward, and forward walking, and slow and fast indoor walking). | 3 day/w, 24 weeks | Supervised |
| Chiu 2018 (39) |
RT | 12–13 points of RPE | 120 min/week | Upper body exercises included 3 sets of training that targeted the biceps, deltoids, grip, and pinch. Lower extremities included 3 sets of leg extensions, leg flexions, calf raises, stepping forward and sideward, and others. |
2 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Liao 2018 (37) |
ERT | 13 points on the RPE scale | 165 min/week | Seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip extension. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Nabuco 2019 (30) |
RT | Increases from 2 to 5% of 1-RM for upper limb and 5 to 10% for lower limb | NA | Chest press, horizontal leg press, seated row, knee extension, preacher curl (free weights), leg curl, triceps pushdown, and seated calf raise. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Liao 2020 (38) |
ERT | 65–80% of 1-RM; 13–15 points of RPE | 110 min/week | Seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip extension. | 2 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Jung 2022 (34) |
Circuit exercise |
60–80% of HRR | 75–225 min/week | Walking in place, shoulder press and squat, twist to dash, lunge, jumping jacks, kickback, push-up, crunch, hip bridge, and bird dog. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
| Magtouf 2023 (36) |
Concurrent exercise |
300 a.u. | 120 min/week | Motor skill exercises (zigzag cone walking, obstacle course walk, ladder agility drills, direction change walking, obstacle relay race, zigzag ball passing, balance board zigzag walk, and cone weaving); Strengthening exercises (calf raises, toe taps, seated leg extensions, mini squats, seated leg lifts, bridge exercise, leg raises, hip abduction with resistance band); Posture exercises (single-leg balance with eyes closed, heel-to-toe walking with eyes closed, balance board or wobble board, tandem stance, toe tapping, ball toss, reaching and bending, sensory walk, picking up objects with toes). |
2 day/w, 24 weeks | Supervised |
| Jung 2024 (35) |
Circuit exercise | 60–85% of HRR | 135–225 min/week | Walking in place, shoulder presses and squats, twist dashes, lunges, jumping jacks, kickbacks, modified push-ups, crunches, hip bridges, and bird dogs. | 3 day/w, 12 weeks | Supervised |
ERT, elastic resistance training; RT, resistance training; AR, aerobic exercise; CE, combined exercise, a mix of RT and AR; 1-RM, one repetition maximum; HRmax, heart rate maximum; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; HRR, heart rate reserve; a.u., arbitrary units; NA, not available.