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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1623539. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1623539

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Copyright © 2025 Wais, Stanisławska-Kubiak, Niechciał, Majewska, Wyrwas, Mojs, Fichna and Kędzia.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing MOXO-CPT performance by HbA1c level across four domains: sustained attention, timing, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Participants with HbA1c >8% score lower than controls in attention, timing, and hyperactivity, indicating functional difficulties. — Variation in the intensity of MOXO results depending on HbA1c. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean results.