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. 2025 Aug 25;2(1):37. doi: 10.1038/s44333-025-00050-8

Table 2.

Cost configurations used for each transport mode during modelling (2022/23 prices)

Description Units Van UAV Bicycle Courier
Vehicle running cost per unit distance £/mi (£/km) 0.34 (0.55) - 1.01a (1.63)
Labour cost per hour £/hr 11.93 31.44 -
Vehicle running cost per hour £/hr - 20.33 -
Cost per task £/task - - 7.07
Cost per stop in addition to the first stop £/stop - - 2.78
Vehicle standing cost per day £/veh/day 29.33 8.99 -
Maximum pickups/stops per return trip Stops No Limit 1 3
Maximum permitted range b mi (km) 78 (125) 62 (100) 5 (8)

aBeyond a threshold distance of 0.5 mi. bRelaxed for Hebrides case study.