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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1626569. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1626569

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Copyright © 2025 Jiao, Li, Fu, Wang, Hu, Zhou and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four confusion matrices labeled A, B, C, and D, each comparing true labels against predicted labels for five classifications: Alternaria leaf spot, Healthy, Powdery mildew, Rust, and Scab. Each matrix shows a diagonal pattern indicating accurate predictions, with minor off-diagonal values representing errors. The color scale ranges from light to dark blue, indicating fewer to more instances, respectively. — Confusion matrices of similar crop disease image classification models on the FGVC8 dataset: (A) Re-GoogLeNet; (B) ALS-Net; (C) LBMRNet; (D) LCAMNet.