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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31259. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15940-7

Table 2.

Evaluation metrics comparison on imbalanced, balanced, preprocessed, and fuzzy enhanced datasets.

Model Imbalanced dataset Balanced dataset CLAHE enhanced dataset Fuzzy enhanced dataset
P R F1 P R F1 P R F1 P R F1
DL1 0.81 0.90 0.84 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95
DL2 0.92 0.67 0.69 0.74 0.55 0.52 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.96 0.96 0.96
DL3 0.87 0.89 0.88 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94
DL4 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96