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. 2025 Aug 12;17:1607332. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1607332

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Zhou, Ding, Chen, Chen and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating patient selection from the MIMIC-IV database. Out of 5253 patients, 4251 were excluded for reasons such as not being first-time ICU admissions, age under 18, lack of ICU data, certain medical conditions, prior splenectomy, or incomplete records. The analysis included 1002 patients, divided into Low PLR Group (PLR less than 0.88), Medium PLR Group (PLR between 0.88 and 1.73), and High PLR Group (PLR 1.73 or greater). — Flowchart of patient selection. PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio.