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. 2025 Aug 12;8:1640549. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1640549

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Copyright © 2025 Karthikeyan, Charan, Narayanan and Jani Anbarasi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Confusion matrix with three classes. True labels are on the Y-axis and predicted labels on the X-axis. Values: 155 (top-left), 102 (center), and 139 (bottom-right). Color scale indicates intensity. — Confusion matrix for CNN-SEEIB’s performance on potato leaf disease dataset.