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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1627476. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1627476

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Copyright © 2025 Di Matteo, Frangiamone, Vila-Donat, Di Cecco, Di Martino, Manyes and Mannina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar graph showing concentrations of six compounds: Loganic acid, Swertiamarin, Gentiopicroside, Sweroside, Mangiferin, and Isogentisin in mg per g across three groups (GME, GGP, GDP). Gentiopicroside and sweroside are the more abundant metabolites in all the three samples. Notable differences include significantly higher swertiamarin higher levels in GDP compared with GGP. Error bars indicate standard deviations. — Concentrations of iridoids, secoiridoid, and xanthone compounds in G. lutea flowers methanol extract, gastric phase, and duodenal phase in mg/g of DW ± SD by HPLC-PDA. Data above bars express the bioaccessibility of each compound (GME concentration representing 100% of bioaccessibility). GME, Gentiana flower methanol extract; GGP, Gentiana flower gastric phase; GDP, Gentiana flower duodenal phase. p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 significant differences among GGP and GDP.