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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1627476. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1627476

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Copyright © 2025 Di Matteo, Frangiamone, Vila-Donat, Di Cecco, Di Martino, Manyes and Mannina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing cell viability percentages at different dilutions over time intervals of four hours, twenty-four hours, forty-eight hours, and seventy-two hours. Viability remains stable across most dilutions but drops significantly at eighty percent viability after seventy-two hours at full concentration. — Cell viability (%) results obtained in differentiated Caco-2 cells after exposure to Gentiana flower duodenal phase serial dilutions. GDP, Gentiana duodenal phase. *p < 0.05 significant differences among the different exposure times.