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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1627476. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1627476

Figure 4.

Bar graph representing the expression levels of five proteins: BAX, CASP3, CLAUDIN-2, ZO-1, and SRXN1 across various treatment groups. The Y-axis shows log ratio values ranging from negative four to positive six. The X-axis lists treatments: CTRL, GDP, AFB1, AFB1-GDP, OTA, OTA-GDP, BEA, BEA-GDP, AFB1-OTA, AFB1-OTA-GDP, AFB1-OTA-BEA, and AFB1-OTA-BEA-GDP. Each group shows varying expression levels, with notable increases for CASP3 and BAX, particularly in treatment groups like AFB1-GDP and AFB1-OTA-BEA, indicated by asterisks denoting statistical significance.

Bar plots showing relative expression of BAX, CASP3, Claudin-2, ZO-1, and SRXN1 when compared to control (Log2RQ = 0) after exposure to AFB1, OTA, and BEA individually and in combination among them (100 nM in all cases) or combined with GDP (1:1 as dilution) during 4 h. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 is significantly different from the control. RQ, relative quantification; AFB1, aflatoxin B1; OTA, ochratoxin A; BEA, beauvericin; GDP, Gentiana duodenal phase; BAX, Bcl-2 Associated X-protein; CASP3, Caspase 3; CL-2, Claudin 2; ZO-1, Zonula occludens; SRXN1, sulfiredoxin 1.