Table 1.
Sample Characteristics, by Partnership Status and Quality During COVID-19.
| No partner | Poor partnership | Fair partnership | Good partnership | Excellent partnership | Total | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Mean age (SD) | 69.2 (17.2) | 65.2 (11.8) | 67.1 (12.2) | 66.2 (12.0) | 64.6 (12.0) | 67.0 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| % Female (N) | 68.1 (1101) | 59.4 (443) | 49.5 (449) | 47.8 (444) | 47.9 (382) | 56.5 (2819) | <0.001 |
| % Non-white (N) | 3.8 (62) | 6.8 (51) | 2.2 (20) | 2.8 (26) | 2.0 (16) | 3.5 (175) | <0.001 |
| Employment status | |||||||
| % Retired (N) | 71.5 (1156) | 60.6 (452) | 68.8 (624) | 68.5 (636) | 67.1 (535) | 68.1 (3403) | <0.001 |
| % Employed (N) | 15.9 (257) | 21.2 (158) | 19.4 (176) | 20.2 (187) | 20.6 (164) | 18.9 (642) | |
| % Unemployed (N) | 12.6 (203) | 18.2 (136) | 11.8 (107) | 11.3 (105) | 12.3 (98) | 13.0 (649) | |
| Financial situation since COVID-19 | |||||||
| % Worse off (N) | 16.4 (265) | 21.9 (163) | 18.7 (170) | 17.5 (162) | 17.3 (138) | 18.0 (898) | 0.005 |
| % Better off (N) | 19.1 (308) | 18.0 (134) | 21.4 (194) | 23.6 (219) | 20.3 (162) | 20.4 (1.017) | |
| % Not always enough food (N) | 18.1 (292) | 16.2 (121) | 12.9 (117) | 9.5 (88) | 7.0 (56) | 13.5 (674) | <0.001 |
| % Without a garden (N) | 11.6 (187) | 3.1 (23) | 3.8 (34) | 3.9 (36) | 3.1 (25) | 6.1 (305) | <0.001 |
| % Lowest subjective social position (N) | 28.3 (457) | 22.8 (170) | 17.6 (160) | 18.1 (168) | 15.1 (120) | 21.5 (1075) | <0.001 |
| % No academic qualification | 16.8 (272) | 12.2 (91) | 12.9 (117) | 9.6 (89) | 9.9 (79) | 13.0 (648) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity since COVID-19 | |||||||
| % Less than usual (N) | 38.9 (628) | 38.3 (286) | 35.3 (320) | 32.1 (298) | 29.2 (233) | 35.3 (1765) | <0.001 |
| % More than usual (N) | 15.6 (252) | 18.8 (140) | 17.9 (162) | 23.4 (217) | 21.7 (173) | 18.9 (944) | |
| % Impairment with activities (N) | 26.2 (424) | 20.1 (150) | 17.5 (159) | 17.8 (165) | 13.4 (107) | 20.1 (1005) | <0.001 |
| % Contact with family <=twice a week | 43.0 (695) | 51.2 (382) | 47.3 (429) | 51.4 (477) | 51.3 (409) | 47.9 (2392) | <0.001 |
| % Contact with friends <=twice a week | 42.7 (690) | 64.1 (478) | 63.0 (571) | 62.2 (577) | 61.0 (486) | 56.1 (2802) | <0.001 |
| % Depressed (pre-COVID-19) | 31.0 (501) | 29.0 (216) | 19.7 (179) | 15.6 (145) | 11.5 (92) | 22.7 (1133) | <0.001 |
| % High anxiety (pre-COVID-19) | 15.1 (244) | 18.5 (138) | 13.6 (123) | 10.7 (99) | 7.0 (56) | 13.2 (660) | <0.001 |
| % Low life satisfaction (pre-COVID-19) | 31.7 (512) | 31.0 (231) | 17.5 (159) | 12.5 (116) | 7.5 (60) | 21.6 (1078) | <0.001 |
| N respondents | 1616 | 746 | 907 | 928 | 797 | 4994 | |
Source: ELSA, COVID-19 sub-study Wave 1 (June/July 2020) and Wave 9 (2018–2019).